ʻO Potato paha ka mea kanu kaulana loa, ʻo ka mea kanu i komo i nā mea o ʻoi aku ma mua o 80% o nā poʻe noho kauwela. ʻO ia kahi mea i ʻoi aku ai ma mua o nā lāhui ʻē aʻe i pā ʻia e nā ʻano maʻi like ʻole. ʻO ka maʻi maʻa, ke kuʻi, a me nā maʻi maʻi ʻuala paha ka mea e hōʻoki loa i ka hapa nui o ka hua. ʻOiai ke mālama nei i nā ʻuala e nānā pono ai, aia nō ke pilikia o ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana. I kēia hihia, hiki i ka maʻi me nā tubers ke hele i nā meaʻai ʻē aʻe i mālama ʻia me nā ʻuala.
I mea e pale ai iā ʻoe iho mai ka nalowale ʻana o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻia a mālama ʻia, he mea nui ia e ʻike i nā hōʻailona o nā maʻi i ka manawa. ʻO ka mea maʻamau ka hui ʻekolu.
- fungal ka hopena - ka pōkole o ke kala, alternariosis, scab, cancer, fomosis a me ka fusarium;
- nā maʻi maʻi - mosaic a me nā nekrosis;
- maʻi maʻi pāʻai - brown and ring rot, black leg.
Hoʻolaha ʻia kēlā me kēia hui e kekahi mau maʻi pōʻino e hiki ke hōʻemi i ka hōʻiliʻili o ka hua kanu ma o 3-5 mau manawa. Wahi a nā helu helu, loaʻa ka hopena nui loa o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā maʻi fungal o nā ʻuala.
Laha keʻokeʻo
ʻO ka maʻi maʻamau e līlū nui. Hiki ke piʻi i ka poho i ka 60% a keu paha. Hōʻike nā hōʻike kūʻokoʻa o ke ʻala o ke kala i ka wā pua. ʻO nā lau o lalo o ka uala e uhi ʻia me nā kiʻi brown e ulu ana ma luna o ka manawa, e uhi ana i ka manawa o ka pale. I ka manawa māla, ʻike ʻia kahi kao keʻokeʻo ma ka lalo o nā lau maʻi i maʻi - ke kiko spore-lawe o ka pua Phytophthora. Hoʻopili ʻia nā puna wai i ka ʻā ma nā pōuliuli. Noho maloʻo ka lole.
Ke hele a ulu nā mea maʻi, pono e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i nā ʻili kanu huaʻai, no ka mea e noho mau ka phytophthora i ka lepo, ma nā puʻu o nā lau a i nā kō.
ʻAʻole ʻōlelo ʻia nā tubers i ka ʻaina lohi no ka mālama ʻana, ʻoiai pū i kēia hihia ka mea e ola ana ka pau ʻana o ka hua holoʻokoʻa, me ka hua ʻai, aia ma ka lumi like me nā mai maʻi.
ʻO ka maʻi pākiki potato
ʻO kekahi maʻi ʻē aʻe hopohopo ʻo ka maʻi kano. I nā wahi kahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai nā hihia o ka maʻi patī, ua hōʻike ʻia kahi aupuni o ka hoʻokūkū. Hoʻopilikia kēia maʻi maʻi i ka mauʻu a me nā stolons kanu, nā lau ʻula a me nā kumu lāʻau. Ma nā wai kō e kokoke ana i ka ocelli, hele mai nā ulu, e hoʻonui ana i ka nui. ʻOiai ʻo ka haʻalele ʻole o ka pala, ʻaʻole hiki ke mālama ʻia nā mea maʻi me nā maʻi maʻi maʻi.
No ka hōʻalo ʻana i ke ʻano o nā maʻi, he mea nui ke koho i nā ʻano kūʻokoʻa. I ka wā e kū mai ai ke kanikela kanu, pono e luku ʻia nā ʻōpala maʻi. ʻO ka mākeke e loaʻa ai ka huaʻai o ka maʻi i hiki ke kanu ʻia me nā mea kanu no nā liʻiliʻi he 3 mau makahiki.
ʻO ka ʻapeka ʻo Kahiki
Hiki i kēia maʻi ke hoʻopau i ka lāʻau āpau, e komo pū ana me nā kūmato. I ka manawa pinepine, ʻo nā mea i hoʻopuʻi ʻia o nā ʻano lewa a me nā hopena. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā hōʻailona mua o ka maʻi e ka hiʻohiʻona o nā kiʻi brown i nā lau e kū ʻia ma mua o ka pua ʻana o nā mea kanu. ʻO ka wā, hele nā lau maʻi i ka melemele a make. He mea maʻalahi hoʻi ka ʻike o ke kuʻuna o ka maʻi ma nā kōpeka me ko lākou ʻano ʻulaʻula a me kahi ʻano like ʻole. Inā pili ka alternariosis ʻai i ka hapa nui o ka pākī, e hele mai ana ka ʻili o kēia mau wahi.
Hōʻike ka maʻi ʻala o ka maʻi Potato iā ia iho me kēia maʻi, me ka ʻokoʻa wale nō ʻo ka loaʻa o nā wahi i ka kōpala ka māpoki hina, a ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ka nui o ka nui o ka 2-5 cm lākou. ʻO kekahi ʻokoʻa nui ka manawa o ka maʻi. Inā hoʻokomo ka alternariosis i loko o nā ʻōpio o ka mea kanu, a laila pili ka fomosis i nā kumu i ka lua o ka ulu o ka ulu. Ua hala nā pua i ko lākou, me ka wai pū, ua hāʻule i loko o ka lepo, kahi e hele ai ka maʻi pā.
Ma mua o ka waiho ʻana i nā mea kanu no ka mālama ʻana mai ka pūnaewele kahi i ʻike ʻia ai nā mea kanu i ka phomosis a me nā alternariosis, he mea nui ia e ʻoki i nā tubers. Hiki ke hoʻomoʻi ʻia ka maʻi ma o ka nānā ʻana i ke kaomi mahana i loko o ka papa waihona.
Kuhihewa
Hiki ke ʻeha ʻia nā poho hōʻoki nui ma ka hopena i nā ʻano ʻehā o ka puʻupuʻu: maʻamau, ʻapaʻa a i ʻole ke kala. Hoʻokumu wale ka scab maʻamau i ka mahana kiʻekiʻe o ka lepo a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. ʻO nā maʻi maʻi i uhi ʻia me nā wahiʻeleʻeleʻeleʻele e pale i luna aʻe o ka ʻili. ʻAʻole pili kēia ʻano o ka ʻōpala i nā kumu lāʻau.
ʻO ka hopena like ma nā mea kanu a me ka pulehu o ka ʻuala. Hoʻopilikia wale nō i ka ʻōpū ma lalo o nā mea kanu. I ka hoʻomaka mua, ʻike ʻia nā ʻāpana polū me ke anawaena o 6-7 cm, ua uhi ʻia me nā uhi keʻokeʻo. Ma ka lōʻihi o ka wā, ua luku ʻia kēia mau wahi, a ma ko lākou wahi e noho mau ai nā ʻulaʻula. ʻAʻole e like me kahi scab maʻamau, hoʻāla ka powdery i ka haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe.
Hoʻokomo wale ka pume kālā i ka tubers i ka wā e waiho ai. Ma muli o ka hopena o ka maʻi, e nalo ana i ka nui o ka ea, e hoʻoilo iā lākou a maloʻo nui loa. ʻAʻole kūpono ia mea kanu no ka kanu. ʻO ka haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe (ma luna o 90%) a me kahi kiʻekiʻe ma luna o 3 mau degere e hoʻonāukiuki i ka ʻū o ka maʻi.
I mea e hōʻalo ai i ka maʻi maʻamau o ka tubers me kekahi ʻano ʻōpala, he mea nui ia e nānā i ke kahe o ka ʻuala. He mea nui ia e makaʻala i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o ka mea kanu: ʻo ka ʻili lā ma mua o ka mālama ʻana no ka waiho ʻana e pale aku i ka hoʻoili hou ʻana o nā kōpū a me ka lepo.
Ke Kakau Pōleʻele
Hoʻokumu ka maʻi ma muli o ka nalowale o ka mea kanu e nā bacteria Pectobakterium. ʻO ke kumu o ka maʻi maʻi i maʻi ʻia i ka pōpī ʻuala, nā mea kanu kanu i ka lepo. Kele pinepine ʻia e ka pepeke pepeke. Hoʻopilikia ia i nā wahi āpau o nā mea kanu i kekahi manawa o ka hoʻolālā. Loaʻa ia ia kahi hōʻailona koʻikoʻi ma nā maloʻo. Hoʻomaka ʻo nā lāʻau ʻuala i ka hōʻeha koke ma hope o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana. ʻO ka mua, huli nā lau, a laila ʻalohi a maloʻo. Ua maloʻo ka lāʻau, ulu nā ʻala a maloʻo koke i waho o ka honua. Ma nā kōʻai, ua ʻike ʻia ka wāwae ʻeleʻele o ka ʻuala ma kahi ʻāpana o ke stolon.
Palapala Malu
ʻO kekahi maʻi ʻuala e hiki ai i nā mea hōʻemi ke hōʻea a hiki i ka 50% ka fusarium lay. ʻO ka hapa pinepine, ulu ia i nā kūlana o nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a me ka haʻahaʻa. I ka mua, hiki ke kuhihewa ʻo Fusarium i nā maʻi o nā poʻo o ka ʻuala, nā kiʻi paʻi pinepine ʻia i nā nūpepa kūikawā. Hoʻopilikia ka maʻi i nā lau o ka mea kanu: lilo nā kukui i luna, a loaʻa nā aniani o ka lalo i kahi pale anthocyanin. I ka wā lōʻihi, e nalowale lākou i ko lākou elasticity a maloʻo. Ma ka ʻaoʻao o nā kumu kuʻu e uhi ʻia me kahi paila a i ʻole a pink paha. Hoʻokahi i ka lepo, pili pū ka ʻili i ka kōpō, e pōʻino ai lākou.
No ka hōʻalo ʻana i ka make o ka hua mai Fusarium, ua lawa ia e ʻili i nā puʻu i paʻi ʻia e ka maʻi a wehe i nā nūnū palupalu āpau mai ka pūnaewele. Ma hope o kēlā hiki ke hoʻomaka i ka hōʻiliʻili i nā ʻuala.
Pehea e mālama ai i nā mea kanu mai ka maʻi fungal?
ʻO ke kaua ʻana i nā maʻi maʻi o ka ʻuala he mea pono hoʻi i ka pae e hoʻomākaukau ai i nā mea kanu. Ma mua o ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻuala me ka hopena o ka waʻa boric a i ʻole keleawe keleawe, mea nui e koho i ka ʻōpū i kūpaʻa e ka maʻi. I ka wā e ulu ana, pono ʻoe e kiaʻi mau i ke kūlana o nā poʻomanaʻo. I nā hōʻailona mua o ka maʻi, pono e hoʻoneʻe i nā mea i hoʻopuni ʻia, a laila e mālama i nā mea kanu me ka hopena o 2% o ka keleawe keleawe, ka lāʻau Khom a i ʻole Maxim.
Hoʻokomo pinepine nā maʻi hupa i ka lepo me ka pau ʻole o nā pala lepo a me ka manure. He mea nui ia e kāpae i kēlā mau hanana, no ka mea e hōʻemi kēia i nā kumukūʻai hana no ka hōʻino ʻana i nā huaʻai ma o nā ala kūikawā a hoʻonui i ka nui o ka loaʻa. I mea e pale aku ai i nā maʻi o nā kūpuna i ka wā o ka hōʻiliʻili, pono ia ke ʻokiʻoki i nā puʻu i mua a wehe i nā lepo kanu mai ka pūnaewele. E ʻai ʻia nā kahu wai i ka wā o ka halihali a me ka waiho ʻana ma ka mua, ʻoiai ua maʻamau lākou i nā maʻi maʻamau.
He kūpono nui ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā ʻuala. ʻO ka hapanui o nā maʻi ulu i ka ʻāina no 2-3 mau makahiki. I ka ʻike ʻole ʻana o nā moʻomeheu hiki ke lilo i mea lawe i ka maʻi ma kēia pae, a laila nalo ia.
