Pākuʻi wai: nā ʻano, nā kānāwai noi

ʻO nā māla he nui i kēia lā ua haʻalele loa i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kīmaha mineral, a makehewa ʻole. Ma waho o kēia ʻano o ka kanu ʻana, he mea paʻakikī loa ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻāina kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a ma ke ʻano he hopena maikaʻi. ʻOiaʻiʻo, koi nā mea kanu mineral i kahi ala kūikawā, akā me ka mea kūlohelohe, inā he pololei ʻole ka helu ʻana o nā noi, hiki iā ʻoe ke hana ʻeha i kou ʻāina. No laila, e noʻonoʻo pono: no ke aha he mea nui loa nā kīmaha mineral a pehea e hoʻohana pololei ai iā lākou.

Nā kahu ʻai mineral. © Sarah Beecroft

He aha nā minerala mineral

ʻO nā mea kanu mineral he mau mea hoʻohui o kahi ʻano anorganic e loaʻa ai nā mea kanu pono no ka honua kanu. Aia kā kā lākou mea kūʻokoʻa i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo he mau mea momona o ka maka paʻa.

ʻO ka pinepine, he maʻalahi, a i kapa ʻia nā kolu unilateral hoʻokahi, kahi i hoʻokahi o nā mea kanu (no ka laʻana, ʻo ka phosphorus), akā aia kekahi pūʻulu o ka multilateral, nā hōʻuluʻulu paʻakikī a me nā hua pilikino i hoʻokahi manawa (no ka laʻana, ka hau a me ka pāhana). ʻO nā mea e kau ai ma muli o ke ʻano o ka lepo a me ka hopena makemake. I kēlā me kēia kūlana, ua hāpai ʻo kēlā me kēia minuke e kanu i nā hana a me nā wā noi, ʻo ia ka mea e hōʻoia ai i ka kūleʻa o kā lākou hoʻohana.

Nā ʻano hua minima

I ka noʻonoʻo maʻalahi, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā minuke mineral i ka haukapila, potash a me ka phosphorus. ʻO kēia ma muli o ka loaʻaʻana o ka haukapila, potasiuma a me ka phosphorus nā kumu alakaʻi i loaʻa kahi mana nui i ka ulu kuʻikahi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea kanu. Heʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻohe mea e hōʻino i ka mea nui o nā mea ʻē aʻe, e like me ka magnesium, zinc, hao, akā, ʻo kahi helu ʻekolu e manaʻo ʻia ana ke kumu. E noʻonoʻo pono iā lākou i ka ʻōlohelohe.

Nā Hana Pūnaewele

ʻO nā hōʻailona o ka nīlea o ka nitrogen i ka lepo

I ka hapanui pinepine, ʻike ʻia ka nele o nā loina o ka nitrogen i nā mea kanu i ka puna. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ko lākou ulu, ua palupalu nā wana, kūleʻa nā lau, liʻiliʻi nā inflorescences. I kahi manawa ma hope, ʻike ʻia kēia pilikia e ka māmā o ka nui o nā hua, e hoʻomaka ana mai nā veins a me nā ʻāpana e puni ana. ʻO ka maʻamau, hōʻike kēia hopena i ka hapa haʻahaʻa o ka mea kanu a kū mālie ʻohi, ʻoiai e pau nā lau kukui maʻalahi.

Nitrogen pololi o ka tōmato. © Nā lāʻau e ʻoluʻolu

ʻO ka hana ikaika e hōʻike nei i ka nele o ka kaona wai he mau kamato, nā ʻuala, nā lāʻau āpau a me nā mākeke māla. ʻAʻole iki e manaʻo i ke ʻano o nā mea kanu i ulu - ke ʻike ʻia kahi hemahema o kekahi o lākou.

Nā ʻano o ka umauma Nitrogen

ʻO nā haʻahaʻaola āpau nui loa nā ammonium nitrate a me ka urea. Eia naʻe, hoʻohui pū kekahi hui i ka ammonium sulfate, a me ka calcium nitrate, a me ka sodium nitrate, a me azofosk, a me nitroammophosk, a me ammophos, a me ka diammonium phosphate. He ʻokoʻa nā mea āpau o lākou a loaʻa nā hopena ʻē aʻe i ka lepo a me nā mea kanu. No laila, hoʻokaʻawale ka urea i ka honua, a me ka calcium, ka sodium a me ka ammonium nitrate alkalinize iā ia. ʻ respondlelo maikaʻi aku ʻo Beetroot i ka sodium nitrate, a me nā ʻuna, nā kukama, nā huapalapala a me nā cauliflower e pane maikaʻi i ka ammonium nitrate.

Nā Hana Hana

ʻO ka pupuk ʻo Nitrogen ka pōʻino loa o nā minela āpua āpau. ʻO kēia no ka mea me ka nui o lākou, hōʻiliʻili nā mea kanu i kahi nui o nitrates i kā lākou mauʻaoʻao. No laila, pono e hoʻohana pono i ka nitrogen, e pili pono ana i ka haku ʻana o ka lepo, ua hānai ʻia ka hua a me ka mea laʻa.

Ma muli o ka hiki o ka nitrogen ke hiki i ka evaporate, pono ia e hana i nā maniua nitrololi me ka hoʻopili koke ʻana i ka lepo. I ka wā hāʻule, hōʻiliʻili ʻia ka honua me ka nitrogen ka mea ʻaʻole pono, no ka mea, ʻo ka hapanui o ka holoi ʻana e ka ua e ka wa kanu.

Pono kēia ʻano kolamu i kahi ʻano kūikawā i ka wā e waiho ai. Ma muli o ka nui o ka hygroscopicity, pono e mālama ʻia i kahi puʻupuʻu mokulele, ʻaʻohe ea.

Hoʻomoʻa kākala

ʻO nā hōʻailona o ke kaohi pākia i ka lepo

ʻAʻole ʻike koke ka hemahema o ka paʻakai i ka hiki ʻana o ka kanu. Ma ka waenakonu o ka manawa e ulu ana, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻomaopopo i ka moʻomeheu he kuʻupepa iʻike ʻole ʻia o nā lau, nā mana lau, a me nā ʻano ʻoi aʻe o ka palaʻai kalapona, nā pāʻaiʻai a i ʻole kahi puhi (make) o nā ʻāpana o nā lau. Eia nō kekahi, he ipiki a koʻikoʻi ke koʻokoʻo, aia ka pākiki paʻa, nā limahana pōkole, a no laila e emi iho nei. Kēia mau lāʻau like ʻole ma hope o ka ulu ʻana, wīwī līlū ʻia i nā hua pua, ulu ʻole nā hua. I loko o nā kaloti a me nā ʻaka me ka pololi kalaka, a me ka hoʻopili i nā hua ma luna, ua nānā ʻia ka ʻala o nā lau ʻōpio, i loko o ka ʻuala ua make mua nā piko, i loko o nā hua waina i kahi kokoke i nā ʻala a loaʻa iā ia kahi kūleʻeleʻele a iʻa ʻulaʻula paha. ʻO nā ʻōhumu ma nā lau o nā mea kanu pākela-paulū e ʻike ʻia i loko o ka ʻiʻo o ka lau lau. Me ka hapa iki o ka pākela, pua nā lāʻau i ka nui o ka maoli, a laila e hoʻopili i nā hua liʻiliʻi atypically.

ʻO ka nele o ka paʻakai ma ka ʻoma. © Scot Nelson

Hāʻawi kahi lawa o ka pāhana i loko o nā mea kanu mea iā lākou me ka turgor maikaʻi (kūʻē i ka wilting), kahi ulu ikaika o ka ʻōnaehana kumu, ka hōʻiliʻili piha ʻana i nā mea pono kūpono i nā huaʻai, a me ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me nā maʻi.

ʻO ka hapanui pinepine, loaʻa ka hemahema pākia i nā lepo momona. E maʻalahi e hoʻoholo ma o ke ʻano o kahi lāʻau apopo, peach, plum, raspberry, pear a me ka currant.

ʻO nā ʻano o ka palaha potash Potash

Ma ke kūʻai aku hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa i nā ʻano pākui potash, ma ka nui: potassium nitrate, potasi klorida (maikaʻi no ka pīkoi a me ka celery, ʻoi ke koena o nā moʻomeheu maikaʻi ka chlorine), pālea pākaʻi (maikaʻi i loko nō hoʻi ka pele), kalimagnesia (potassium + magnesium), calimag. Hoʻopili ia, ʻo ka pāima ka mahele o ia mau mea paʻakikī e like me nitroammophoskos, nitrophosk, carboammofosk.

Kaʻina e pili ana i ka hoʻomake potash fertilizers

ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pākī potash pono e hoʻokō me nā ʻōlelo i hoʻopili ʻia iā lākou - e hoʻomaʻemaʻe kēia i ke ala o ka hānai a hāʻawi i kahi hopena pono. Pono e pani koke iā lākou i ka lepo: i ka wā hāʻule - no ka eli ʻana, i ka pūnāwai no ke kanu ʻana i nā hua kanu. Hoʻokomo wale ka paʻakai klorida i ka hāʻule, no ka mea hiki i kēia mea ke hoʻohālikelike i ka chlorine.

ʻO nā hua kanu mea pane loa i ka noi ʻana o nā mea kanu potash - ma lalo o lākou, pono e hoʻopili ʻia ka pāleka i nā dosis kiʻekiʻe.

Hoʻomaka fosipili

ʻO nā hōʻailona o ka nele o ka phosphorus

Hōʻike ʻia nā hōʻailona o ka nele o ka phosphorus i nā kiko mea kanu ma ke ʻano like me ka hapa ʻole o ka waihona lepo: ulu maikaʻi ʻole ka mea kanu, hoʻopuni i kahi palupalu palupalu, lohi i ka pua a ulu i nā hua, a hoʻohemo i nā paukū haʻahaʻa. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole e like ka pololi nitrogen, nele i ka phosphorus kaʻai ʻana, akā eʻeleʻele i ka hāʻule ʻana o nā lau, a i ka wā mua ke hāʻawi nei i nā petioles a me nā veins o nā lau a me ka violet.

Hoʻomaka lauhala ʻo ka lua. © K. N. Tiwari

I ka hapanui o ka manawa, ʻike ʻia ka hemahema o ka phosphorus i nā lepo waikawa māmā. ʻO ka nele o kēia huapalapala e hōʻike nui ʻia ma nā kamala, nā kumulāʻau, nā meli, nā currant ʻeleʻele.

Nā ʻano o ka manawaleʻa phosphate

ʻO kekahi o nā hana o ka phosphate maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia ma nā ʻano ʻāina o ka superphosphate, ka paʻakai monophosphate e loaʻa ana i ka hopena wikiwiki, a me ka palaoa o ka phosphoric kahi koho maikaʻi loa.

ʻO nā ala e hoʻopili ai i nā kolu phosphate

Ehia mau mea ʻaʻole e lawe mai i nā fertilizers phosphorus - ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke hōʻeha. Akā naʻe, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ke hana me ka noʻonoʻo ʻole, akā, e hoʻokō pono i nā lula i ʻōlelo ʻia i ka pale.

I ka manawa a e pono ai nā mea kanu

Ka ʻokoʻa no nā mea like ʻole i nā moʻomeheu like ʻole, akā ke kū nei ke ʻano maʻamau. No ka mea, i ka manawa ma mua o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā lau maoli mua, pono ka nui o nā mea kanu ʻōpio a me ka phosphorus i kahi ka ʻoi aku; ʻaʻole hiki i kā lākou hemahema i kēia hana hoʻomohala i hiki ke hana ʻia i kahi lā hope aʻe, ʻoiai me ka ʻaihue poʻokela i hoʻonui ʻia - hoʻomau ka mokuʻāina ʻōpio a hiki i ka hopena o ka manawa e ulu ana.

Kōmala pākahu

ʻAmona kalaida.

I ka wā o ka ulu o ka ulu o nā mea kanu ma o nā mea kanu, ʻo ka mea nui i kā lākou papaʻai e hoʻokani ʻia e ka nitrogen a me ka pāhare. I ka manawa kanu a me ka pua, lilo hou ka phosphorus. Inā e hana ʻia ka foliar top me ka phosphorus a me potassium fertilizers i kēia manawa, e hoʻomaka ka mea kanu i ka hōʻiliʻili i ka hilo i loko o nā kiko, a maikaʻi loa e pili i ka maikaʻi o kā lākou hua.

No laila, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kanu mineral e hiki ai ke hoʻokō i ka mālama ʻāina ʻana i ka pae kūpono, akā e hoʻoponopono no hoʻi i ka nui o ka hoʻopuka mai ka wahi i kanu ʻia.

ʻO nā rula ʻānō no ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā pupuk mineral

He mea nui ia e hoʻomaopopo e hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā mea kanu minua ma ke ʻano he nui ka nui (ma ka hoʻoilo no ka ʻeli ʻana i ka lepo, a i ʻole i ka pūnāwai i ka wā lohi mua ʻia) a me ka mea like ʻole ka hānai ʻana i ka wā o ka puna. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia me kona mau kānāwai pono a me nā ʻano o ka hoʻokomo, akā aia kekahi mau ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo e pono ʻole ai e haʻalele ʻia.

ʻAʻohe mea e ulu i ka mea kanu i nā kīʻaha i hoʻohana ʻia no ka kuke ʻana.
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi e mālama i nā mea kanu i loko o ka hakahaka vacuum.
Inā cakes nā minuke paukake, ma mua o ka noi, pono lākou e wāwahi a hōʻoki ʻia i kahi sieve, me ke anawaena o ka 3 a 5 mm.
Ke hoʻokomo nei i nā kīmaha mineral i ka huaʻai, ʻaʻole pono kekahi e ʻoi aku ka nui o ka lāʻau i manaʻo ʻia e ka mea hana, akā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka helu ʻana i ka pā kūpono ma o ka ʻike ʻana i ka palapala ʻāina. Ma ke ākea, hiki ke kono ʻia ke kanu ʻana. maniua i ka nui o: ammonium nitrate - 10 - 25 g no hoʻokahi mita pākoi, ka uha ʻana i ka urea - 5 g no kēlā me 10 mau wai o ka wai; pākana ʻohi: pākūkā kalele - 20 - 40 g no ka palena pālua (e like me ka mea nui), no ka foliar top lole me ka paʻakai pākeke - 50 g no 10 l o ka wai; hoʻoha ʻopala: potassium monophosphate - 20 g no 10 l ka wai, no ka lole lau foliar me ka superphosphate - 50 g no 10 l o ka wai.
Inā hana ʻia ka ʻaʻahu luna ma luna o ka lepo, he mea nui ia e hoʻāʻo i ka hopena o ka loea o ka loea i hōʻuluʻulu ʻia, a i ʻole e holoi i nā mea kanu me ka wai ma hope o ka lole ʻana.
Hoʻopili ʻia ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i ka puka maloʻo, me ka ʻai me ka pona a me ke aniani, e hoʻopili ʻia i ka topsoil, akā ʻaʻole hohonu loa i hiki ke komo i ka ʻōpala o nā aʻa.
I mea e palu ai ka manaʻo o ka mineral Mineral i hoʻokomo ʻia i ka lepo, pono ia e hoʻomoʻi maikaʻi ma mua o ka hoʻopili ʻana.
Inā nele ka nele o ka haukina i ka lepo, a laila pono ke hoʻopili ʻia ka fosfor a me nā pāhare kōpili i hui pū ʻia me kēia mea e nalowale ana, inā ʻaʻole lākou e lawe mai i ka hopena i manaʻo ʻia.
Inā ka lepo pālolo - pono e hoʻonui iki ʻia ka nui o ka hoʻoulu; sand - hoʻemi ʻia, akā hoʻonui i ka nui o nā mea kanu. ʻO nā fertilizers fosate no ka lepo lepo, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi e koho i ka superphosphate, no nā pāpū oneone nā mea kūpono nā ōwehe Phate.
Ma nā wahi me ka nui o ka ua (ka waena waena), ʻōlelo ʻia ka hapakolu o ka nui o ka mea kanu nui, e hoʻopili pololei ʻia i ka wā e lūlū ana i nā hua kanu, a kanu paha i nā hua kanu ma ka lepo i ka kanu ʻana i nā lua a me nā ʻuʻuku. ʻAʻole i loaʻa i nā mea kanu nā mea aʻa, kahi pono e hui pono ʻia me ka honua.
Hiki ke loaʻa i ka hopena maikaʻi loa i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka wai launa ma ka hoʻohuli ʻana i ka mineral a me ka hoʻoku kūlohelohe.
Inā kanu nui nā mea kanu i ka moena e pani lākou, ʻo ka koho maikaʻi loa no ka lole nani ʻo foliar top dress (foliar).
Hoʻopili ʻia nā kapa kākela ʻo Foliar i ka pūnāwai i nā ʻōpala ʻōpiopio. ʻO ka lole o ke kāwili nui me ke kōpala potash e lawe ʻia ana i ka wā o ka hoʻoilo, e pani ana i nā mea kanu i ka hohonu o 10 cm.
ʻO ka palapala noi o nā minima mineral e like me ka loina nui e lawe ʻia ma o ka hoʻopuehu ʻana ma luna o ka honua me ka palapala o ka hoʻopili ma hope o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka lepo.
Inā hoʻopili ʻia nā mea kanu mineral me ka lepo me ka kōkala organik, a ʻo kēia ke ala maikaʻi loa, e hoʻemi ʻia nā papa o nā kōmale mineral.
ʻO ka ʻoi loa ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kanu butular, akā pono lākou e noi no ka eli ʻana.