ʻO ka pinepine, ʻo ka winegrowers e like me nā maʻi like ʻole i ʻoki ʻia, i kapa ʻia ʻia, me ka ʻole e hele i nā kikoʻī. Aia ka hina, keʻokeʻo, ʻeleʻele, huaʻai, pala.
Mai nā ʻano o nā hua waina, e hakakā ai iā lākou, ʻo ke wikiō (ma hope o ka paukū) e hōʻike ana i ka mālama ʻana mai kahi backpack sprayer. Hoʻopuka ka mea kākau i kahi wai o ke kāwili ʻana i kekahi mau lāʻau lapaʻau, ʻo ia ka pono o ka ʻoihana a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hana. I ka wā mālama, ua lawe ʻia kekahi mau maimoā - pono iā ia i ke ʻano, ke ʻano o nā mea kanu, ka hele ʻana o nā maʻi a me nā pōpoki.
Hoʻopili a hina i nā hua waina
ʻO ka hua ʻili o Botrytis cinerea Pers, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā hua waina, e pili ana i nā mea ola ʻē aʻe a me nā mea kanu lāʻau. Hoʻolau ʻo ia i kekahi wahi o ka mea kanu - ma ka ʻili a me nā lau hāʻule, nā hua, pinepine - nā pōpoki. Hoʻohana ʻia ia i ka pūnāwai, pili ʻia i nā ʻāpana a pau o ka mea kanu. Mahele maʻalahi ia i ka wā o kekahi hōʻino kino i nā mea kanu i nā mea kanu a i loko o nā ʻōpala paʻa ʻole, no ka laʻana, no ka ʻai unilateral me ka nitrogen. Hiki i ka maʻi kūpono ke nānā aku i ka mānoanoa o ka ʻili o ka host, nā ʻano varietal. Ke ulu malie nei ia a hiki i kahi mahana liʻiliʻi.
ʻO ka hina hina i ka lau o nā hua waina i puka mai i ke ʻano o nā kiʻi palaka, i uhi ʻia me ka pulu hina o nā conidiophores.
I ka wela, ua make ka hapa i hoʻopilikia ʻia. Ma nā ʻāpana ʻihi o ka mea kanu, he keʻokeʻo a ʻoluʻolu paha nā wahi, ʻuʻulu ka ʻalani. A pili nā hūlani o nā hua pua, lilo lākou i ʻōmaʻomaʻo-ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ulu a maʻule. E alakaʻi ana i nā hua waina. Ma nā wahi a pau, i ka manawa, ua nānā ʻia kahi kaohi hina hina, puehu ka hoʻopā ʻana: pā ka nui o ka ʻōpū.
He pōʻino ka hua waina hina i ka wā e laha ana i nā lāʻau, no ka mea, maʻalahi ka noho o Botrytis i nā wahi o nā inoculation a ʻaʻole ʻae i ka callus e hoʻopū.
ʻO ka pohō o nā ʻano keʻokeʻo i ka wā maloʻo wela i ka hopena o ka lohi ʻana i nā huaʻai e hiki ai ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hānai gula a me ka maikaʻi o ka waina hopena. ʻO kahi pōʻino hou e pili ana i nā ʻano ʻulaʻula i ka luku ʻia ʻana o ka puaʻa e ka pua.
E ʻohi ai ʻo Grey i nā hua waina, pehea e kaua ai? Pono ʻoe e ʻike pono ʻaʻole pono nā lāʻau lāʻau keleawe. ʻO nā lāʻau mai ka hui benzimidazole (benomyl, tserkobin, derozal) he maikaʻi, akā aia kekahiʻano ākea e kū pono iā lākou. ʻAʻole e hana kekahi ʻano hana. Hana ʻia me ka hopena 0.1% o ka ronilan a me ka 0,075% kōkua. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā lāʻau lapaʻau mua e lawe me kēlā mau lāʻau anti-mildew e hoʻopili pinepine nei iā Botrytis. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi me ka lawelawe ʻana i nā lāʻau like ʻole, ʻo kēia ka mea e pale ai i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka pale pest a hāʻawi i ka hopena maikaʻi.
Ke kōkua nei kekahi ala kaulana - e mālama ana me ka hoʻonā iodine. Ma kahi pāhoi - 30-50 mau hāʻule, a hiki i kahi aniani ʻulaʻula a me ke anuanu iodine nāwaliwali. Hana i ka makahiki hoʻokahi a i ʻole ka ua.
ʻO ke ʻenehana ʻoihana mahiai, e pale ana i ka palaleka ʻo ka mākeke, kūpono o ka hana ʻana i nā lāʻau ʻōmaʻomaʻo, a me ka hānai kūpono i ka mea nui I ka lāʻau maloʻo, wela mau, e hoʻopili mau ʻia ka maʻi.
ʻAno keʻokeʻo o nā hua waina
Kāhea ʻia e Coniothyrium diplodiella Sacc. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā mea kanu i nā lā wela, pinepine ma ka hopena o ka ʻala ʻana. Ka ʻāpana ʻōpala, maloʻo waho, lawe i ke ʻano kuke, ʻōleʻa ke kala, concentric. E maloʻi nā lau, lilo i ʻōmaʻomaʻo palu, mai hina. I nā wana hina hina keʻokeʻo-keʻokeʻo, pinepine kaomi i nā wana. ʻIke ʻia nā ʻōlaʻi Pycnidium ma nā wahi āpau; ma ka hope, ʻokoʻa ke kala o nā hua i hoʻopili ʻia. Hoʻoulu ka pena i nā paila o ka huaʻai, komo ke ea ma waena o ia a me ka peni. No laila ke hele aku ka huaʻala, keʻokeʻo ka ʻili me ka pou.
Hoʻomaopopo ʻia kēia mai ka maʻi o ka maʻi ma hope o ka huahekili, ma luna o nā huaʻai i puhi ʻia, me nā lāʻau maloʻo. Pono ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa hoʻokaʻawale ʻana mai ke keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo. Ma waho ʻole ma hope o ka huahekili, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hoʻomākaukau a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
Hoʻomaʻamaʻa maikaʻi nā māla lāʻau i ka pale lāʻau a i ʻole ka oidium i ke kumu kumu a ka keʻokeʻo o nā ʻāpala keʻokeʻo.
ʻEleʻele o nā hua waina, nā waha ʻeleʻele
Aʻo ka kumu kumu o Guignardia bidwellii e koi i ka wai o ka mea kanu no ka pōkole no ka manawa pōkole, inā ʻaʻole i hoʻoulu ʻia ka ʻōpū i nā sela ʻōhua. ʻO ka noho ʻana ma kahi kokoke i nā kaila, ua ʻoi aku ka hopena ma hope o ka pōʻino o ka mīkini, ʻoiai ke ahiahi - ʻo ka hoʻohena ʻana o ka hau i ka pō e kōkua i ka maʻi.
Hōʻike ʻia kahi wahi ʻulaʻula ma nā huaʻai me kahi kiko keʻokeʻo i ke kikowaena. Ulu ana ia, ua hopu pu i ka berry lae. Ma hope mai, huli ka hua a ʻeleʻele a maloʻo. I ka ua māla, hoʻomohala ka ʻōwili, i ka wā maloʻo - kūlohelohe, mummified, ʻeleʻele a ʻulaʻula a i ʻole paha ka poni-ʻeleʻele e pā. No kekahi mau lā ke hoʻomau nei lākou i nā hua pua, hāʻule i ka hāʻule. Mālama lākou, e like me nā lau make, i mea ʻike ʻia ka maʻi ma ka wā e hiki mai ana.
Ma nā lau, hōʻike ka maʻi iā ia iho i ke ʻano o nā kiʻi ʻili me kahi palena ʻeleʻele. Ua maloʻo ka ʻili i loko o nā wahi. Hoʻokomo i ke ʻano o nā kīkaha ʻeleʻele i nā wana. I ka wā e hiki mai ana, puka nā ʻōpū, ka ʻili o ka ʻili. He ʻano like keokeo, akā me ka hiki ʻana mai o nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni he hiki ke hiki ke hoʻomau.
ʻO ka leʻaleʻa o kēia maʻi, e like me kekahi poʻe ʻē aʻe, ʻo ke ʻano o ka maʻi o ka Berry ke loaʻa ʻole no ka manawa lōʻihi. A laila e ulu koke ka maʻi, a lohi loa ke mālama ʻia ... No laila, he mea nui ka pale ʻana, hoʻomaka ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa a ʻike hou ʻia nā hōʻailona o ka maʻi.
Ke pale aku nei i ka maʻi mai, ka lawe ʻana ʻana i nā lau a me nā hua, nā pua, a me ka huki ʻana o nā māla i haʻalele ʻia he mea nui.
ʻAi piha o ke kumu waina
ʻO kēia ʻāpana o nā maʻi i hui pū e nā hōʻailona o waho. ʻO nā māka kumu kumu kūpono nā fungi mai nā kauoha like ʻole: kūpono ʻole, basidial, marsupials. Hoʻopili kēia i ka nalowale o ka psatirel, openpenk, rosalin.
ʻO nā aʻa i hōʻino ʻia e ka wā lela i nā mea a pau e hoʻopilikia koke ʻia e nā maʻi - phylloxera, nematodes, ticks, etc.
Hoʻomake ʻia ke maʻi ma luna o ka lepo momona, waiwai ʻo humus, ʻeleʻele. Ma ka one, palupalu lepo maikaʻi, ʻaʻole ulu ka maʻi. I ka wā mua, hoʻomohala nā limu i ka saprophytes ma luna o ka lāʻau make, a laila neʻe i ka ulu ʻana o nā kumu o nā hua waina a ʻano e like me nā parasites.
Nā hana ʻohi
ʻAʻole kūleʻa nā mea kanu, hoʻoneʻe ʻia i ka pale ʻana i nā maʻi a me ka lawe ʻana i nā lāʻau i hoʻopilikia ʻia.
- Mai kanu i nā hua waina maikaʻi ma waena o nā kumulāʻau ʻEulopa i ka lepo maloʻo maikaʻi ʻole a i hele pū ʻia me nā hua manu.
- Hoʻohana ʻia nā kōmala mineral ma kahi o nā mea kūlohelohe.
- Wehe i nā lepo lepo mai ka mahina ʻai.
- Hoʻopau a hoʻopau i nā lāʻau i make a hoʻopau ʻia paha.
- E pili ana i nā hana mahiʻai kūpono. E wehe i ka lepo ma luna o nā ʻeleʻele.
Lō nā hua waina
ʻAʻole pili ʻia ka inoa i ka waihoʻoluʻu (e like me nā ʻano he nui ʻē aʻe), akā me ka ʻono: ʻo nā hua i hoʻopā ʻia i loaʻa kahi ʻoniʻoni. Hiki ke honi mai ka hana nui o nā microorganism e hoʻopōmaikaʻi i nā huaʻai kō i loko o ka vīnega. ʻO Drosophila, huʻu liʻiliʻi nā hua liʻiliʻi kokoke i kā lākou, i kā lākou pili - nā ʻōpio keʻokeʻo liʻiliʻi - i loko o nā huaʻai. Hāpai pinepine ka Drosophila, i ka manawa hoʻokahi i leʻaleʻa i ka poʻe geneticists. Auwe, eia lākou e lawe nei i ka pōʻino nui, a kaʻe ʻana i ke kumu waina a no nā maʻi nui. He maʻalahi nā Flies e komo i loko o nā huaʻai i hoʻopau ʻia, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, lawe pū lākou i ka huehue a me nā fungi mai ka ʻono o ka huaʻai.
Me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka maʻi, hoʻomaʻamaʻa mākou, a me ke kāwili ʻana o ka make a me ka manuahi manu - mai nā lele. Inā ʻaʻole ʻoe ʻae e hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia nā hoʻomākaukau, aia nā papa kūikawā, akā ʻaʻole mau i ka lima), a laila hoʻomākaukau mākou i nā kūleʻa neʻe, ka huku ma mua o ka hoʻohana ʻana.
