He lāʻau ahi

ʻO ke ahi i lawe ai i ka Titan Prometheus i kahi hoʻokolohua ʻino, a hoʻolako i ke kanaka me ke ola a me ka pōmaikaʻi, he maʻalahi loa ia e hana. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole maʻalahi kēia maʻalahi.

ʻO nā mea mua o nā hoʻokūkū hou, ka mea i kapa ʻia ko nā phosphoric match, i hana ʻia i ka makahiki 1831 e ko Charles Soria 19 mau makahiki, a he 5 mau makahiki ma hope i hele mai i Rūsia, akā ke kumu kūʻai lākou i nā mea haʻo no kēia manawa: he ʻāpana peni. Ma Nowemapa 29, 1848, ua ʻōlelo ʻia nā hoʻokūkū ma ko Rūsia kānāwai: "ma ke ʻano o nā ahi i kēia makahiki ... hana pinepine ʻia nā mea kolohe ma nā match." Nicholas i kauoha aku ai e ʻae ʻia i nā ʻoi aku ka waiwai "e ʻae ʻia i kekahi o nā capitals, a me nā hui i kūʻai ʻia mai nā mea kūʻai aku pono e hoʻopaʻa ʻia i hoʻokahi tausani mau ʻāpana pahu pahu me nā palapala hope i hoʻopiʻi ʻia i kēia, nā mea e hoʻopuka ʻia mai nā ʻaha kūkā o ke kūlanakauhale, me ka hoʻopaʻi no kekahi keke. no ke kala kala. "

ʻO kēlā manaʻo makuakāne makua no ka pōmaikaʻi o ka ʻoihana hou i ka manawa i ulu ai ka mea i loko o Lūkini hoʻokahi wale nō hale hana, a ʻo ka hapa o nā haʻuki i hoʻomaka ʻia e hoʻololi ʻia e nā ʻano hana ʻano like ʻole like me ka mauʻu hina i uhi ʻia me ka ʻūpala. Ma hope iho o nā makahiki 21, ua hoʻopuka ʻo Alexander II i kahi kauoha hou e hiki ai iā "ma nā wahi a pau, i ka aupuni a i ke aupuni o Polani, e hana i nā match phosphoric a kūʻai aku iā lākou me nā mea ʻole o nā palena kūikawā."

© Tauno Erik

I ka makahiki 1882, ʻo ia hoʻi, i nā makahiki 13 wale nō, ua ulu ka helu o nā mea waiwai ma ka ʻāina i kahi helu o 263, akā he mau haneli mea liʻiliʻi ʻaʻole i hāʻawi i nā kūmole no ka "bastard Russia".

ʻAe, a me ka mea i kēia manawa me nā pāʻani, ʻike nā mea a pau. ʻO ka hapa nui loa ma nā ke ao o Soviet. I ka makahiki 1953, hiki i kēlā me kēia kanaka o ka Soviet Union ke kūʻai aku i nā pahu pahu 42, i 1964 - ua 68, a he aha nā ʻano hoʻokūkū ʻaʻole i loaʻa e ka poʻe!

ʻO ka hale ʻaihue kahiko loa o Balabanov, ʻo ka Giant, Lighthouse a me nā mea ʻē he mau mea ʻē aʻe e hana ai ʻaʻole wale nō i nā maʻamau, akā ua kapa ʻia nō hoʻi "nā wahi āpau e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ana i nā match", kahi i lepa ʻia e ka friction e pili ana i kahi ʻili paʻakikī, ka hoʻohuihui ʻana, ka hau, ka hopu, ka ʻino, ka ʻā. ka makani. Aia i nā māka me ka mahana wela e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke hoʻopili i ke kelepona kelepona, aia nā hoʻokūkū pākī ke hāʻawi ʻole i ka lapalapa ahi - e hoʻokau i ke ahi i nā mea pāʻani, ʻili pūlima me nā ʻōpala ulaula pōkā (ʻo nā mea i kapa ʻia nā matchsticks he mau loea) a he poʻo gula, nā match e hāʻawi i kahi ʻulaʻula. ʻulaʻula, uliuli, ʻaʻala ʻōmaʻomaʻo.

ʻO kahi mīkini pāʻani wale nō e hana 1.5 miliona mau pāʻani ma kēlā me kēia hola. ʻO nā pahu piliona, he miliona o nā pahu o lākou e hele mai i nā laina o ka ʻaha kūkā, a me nā mea āpau wale nō i nā ʻano lāʻau hoʻokahi wale nō.

ʻOiai i nā hui hoʻokūkū mua, ua hoʻāʻo ʻia ka nui o nā kumulāʻau lāʻau no ka hana ʻana i mau ʻōpala, a hiki ʻole i kēia manawa ke ʻike i kahi lāʻau i hiki ʻole ke nānā ʻia e nā matchsticks. Akā no ka manawa lōʻihi, ua ʻae ka poʻe a pau ʻaʻohe hua maikaʻi no nā pāʻani ma mua o ka aspen. E hoʻopaʻa ʻia kēia e nā ʻepekema o ka ʻepekema noiʻi ʻepekema wale nō o ka ʻoihana pāʻani i ko mākou ʻāina.

Ma Balabanovo, Kaluga Wahine, ʻaʻole hiki ʻoe e lohe i nā loiloi ʻino loa e pili ana i ka aspen, akā ʻike pū ʻia i kona loli nui. E hōʻea mua ka hālāwai mua ma ke kahua, kahi e noho nei nā wahi kiʻekiʻe o nā lāʻau lāʻau i ka laina.

Ma ka hale hoʻokūkū hoʻokūkū o ka Institute, ʻo nā mīkini ma mua o kou mau maka e hoʻoneʻe mua i ka ʻili mai ka aspen, a laila e wehe i nā pahu i hoʻokahi a me ka hapalua mau pahu a waiho iā lākou ma ka "papa hoʻokele papa". Holo paʻa ka ʻōhaka poloka paʻa i kahi mīkini kūikawā, a me nā ʻoi nui i nā ʻoi nui e huki pono ʻia i nā ʻāpana ʻāpana ma kahi āpau. Ua kapa ʻia kēia kaʻina hana he peʻe veneer. ʻO kekahi, ua ʻoki ʻia ka mea hoʻonani i loko o ka mauʻu hāuki, hoʻohā ʻia koke ʻia e kahi kahawai lele a halihali ʻia i ka lumi kaukau. I ka ʻauʻau, ua hoʻohui ʻia nā ʻōpala me nā mea synthetic, ma hope o ka impregnation, ua maloʻo a hoʻouna ʻia i ka mīkini wili e wehe i nā burrs. A laila, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka mauʻu aspen, a ma hope wale nō hoʻi e kau ai kekahi mīkini mīkini i kahi poʻo ʻulaʻula hina.

Hoʻokomo ʻia nā koi i kekahi lāʻau mālamalama me ke poʻo palū: ʻaʻole pono i loko o nā mea waiwai a pono kona maʻemaʻe ma hope o ka hoʻouka ʻana, pono ke maʻalahi, e puhi, me ka ʻoluʻolu, a me ka pale ʻole ʻole; Manaʻo ʻia kahi kūlana koʻikoʻi e nānā a me kona hiki ke maʻalahi e hōʻemi.

ʻO kēia mau lula, mai nā ʻano lāʻau he nui, kūlike wale paha ka aspen, ʻoiai ʻo ia ka mea e holo pono. No ka laʻana, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻoki iā ia no kahi pāʻani wale nō i ka hoʻoilo, ke loaʻa ka wai. ʻAʻole ia e ʻae i ka aspen a me ka lōʻihi o ka mālama ʻana, e maloʻi ana i luna. Ma kahi o 2 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, hiki i kāna mau wahi heihei e kali i ka laina, akā ma hope nei kūpono ʻole lākou no nā hana hoʻohālikelike.

Ke ulu nei ʻo Aspen ma ko mākou ʻāina ma kahi ʻāina iʻoi aku ma mua o ka hapa o ka mokuʻāina o United Kingdom Nui Nui a me ʻIolia ʻAmelika. Ua lōʻihi ka makemake o nā aliʻi match i ka ʻenehana waiwai. No ka 35 o nā rubles i ke gula, ua waiwai nā pilia Kelemania a me Pelekānia i ko mākou ʻāina no kēlā me kēia mika cubic o aspen. Ma hope mai ua hoʻomaka lākou e hoʻomoʻa i ka aspen ma nā māla kūikawā. ʻO kahi hui hoʻokūkū Pelekane ʻo Brimai, ke kūʻai ʻana i nā hua ma hope o ke Kaua Honua Honua i USSR, ua noho ma kahi o 4,000 hekeleka ma lalo o aspen.

I ko mākou'āina, he ʻahaʻa wale ka birch e aspen i ka wahi i noho ʻia ma waena o nā lāʻau paʻakikī. ʻO kona ʻeke a me kona mau pua ʻulaʻula ma ka piko a he lehu hina ma lalo e ʻike ʻia ma hope o ka puna a me ka paina, birch a meak, linden a me maple. Maʻa mau nā loea aspen. Na wahi e ulu ai kā mākou aspen! Inā ʻaʻole ʻo ia e makemake i nā tundra a me nā piʻihi, ʻo ia ke noho nei ma nā wahi i koe o nā ʻāina.

I ka hopena o ʻApelila, a ma mua o ka puka ʻana o nā lau mua, ua pua. E like me nā poplars (aspen a me ka poplar i like me ka hua hua (botanical genus like), ʻo nā pāpale o kekahi mau lāʻau i uhi ʻia i nā ʻulaʻula fluffy (kāne), aʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe e kau nei me nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo o nā pua wahine. Hoʻokahi a me ka hapalua iʻelua mau mahina ma hope o ka hoʻoilo ʻana, ua hoʻopuehu nā lāʻau wahine i nā hua he nui. Ua liʻiliʻi nā hua a lākou no ka ʻike maʻalahi i ka maka, akā ua kūpono ia no ka holo lōʻihi huakaʻi lōʻihi: loaʻa i kēlā me kēia ona lāʻau pālule.

Hāpai ʻia nā hua a Aspen me kahi waiwai ʻilihune - e noho koke i kahi wahi hou. Ua hala 12 mau hola ma hope o ka hoʻomaka ʻana, hiki iā lākou ke kāwili i lalo o nā kūlana kūpono. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo maoli, nalowale nā ​​kiki aspen a hoʻonui i ka hiki ke kō a hiki i ka 6 mau mahina. ʻO nā mea kanu ʻenehana palupalu nāwaliwali, a me ka nui ʻole o ka wai a me ka lā ikaika o ka lā he nui lākou e make. ʻO ke ʻano o nā mea i pakele i ka wā e hoʻokolokolo mua ai e hoʻonohonoho i ka nui o nā hoʻokolohua mau loa: ke makemake nei nā mea kanu lāʻau ma ke ʻano o nā kumulāʻau ʻōpio, nā wā palupalu e haki pinepine ʻia e ka makani ikaika, e kū mau ana i ka honua a me ka ʻōhū i ka hau māla e hōʻiliʻili ma luna o lākou. ʻO nā hōʻeha hou ma ke kino o ka aspen e lawe koke i ka nui o kona ʻenemi koʻikoʻi - ka ʻōpū parasit. Noho ka noho ma aspen, ua hoʻopau ke ʻulupua i kāna ʻiʻo keʻokeʻo - lāʻau. I ka makahiki 60-80, aspen, nawaliwali i ka hana o kahi hilinaʻi i hoʻopiʻi ʻole ʻia, hōʻalo ʻia mai nā kuahiwi, ʻoiai nā lāʻau i pakele i ka maʻi mai ka maʻi e ola a hiki i nā makahiki 200.

ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā aspen huaʻai, ʻoiai ke loaʻa nei iā lākou ma waena o nā lāʻau aspen he mea maʻalahi ʻole ia. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo ia, ke hilinaʻi nui i kāna mau hua, aspen i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e hana hou e ka pua wana. ʻO kahi wale nō i kahi ʻāina i haʻalele ʻia a i ʻole ka pulu ʻuha e hiki ai i kāna mau huaʻai ke hāʻawi i nā hua maikaʻi, hoʻopōmaikaʻi. Ma ka ulu lāʻau, no ka nui o ka lulu a maloʻo i nā lau, ʻano nui lākou i ka hoʻoulu.

Ke nānā nei i ka lāʻau aspen ma, a ma aneʻi e hālāwai ai ʻoe i nā mea kanu ʻōpio liʻiliʻi me nā kumu lāʻau wīwī ʻO kēia ka hopena o nā mea āpau, a i ʻole nā ​​mea kanu, kahi kokoke o nā poʻe āpau i makemake i ko lākou ola. Kāwili ʻia i kekahi mau manawa a puni kēlā mau midget, a laila e ʻike ʻoe e noho ana ia ma kahi kumu hohonu hohonu, a inā ʻaʻole palaualelo e hana me kahi kīʻaha, e hana ʻoe i ka ohe a ke kumu. Ma kahi mamao a 50 paha mau mika, ma kekahi mau ʻenekena a kuhi mai ka ʻāpana a ka makuahine aia ka maʻa o ke kumu kaula. A hiki i ʻelua mau kenekulia ka nui o nā mea kanu kūpaʻa e noho i hoʻokahi aʻa. ʻAʻole i emi iho ka hopena i ka aspen a me nā aʻa. No laila, ʻaʻole loko ka lapuwale ke manaʻo ʻia ana e ka ululāʻau he lāʻau maikaʻi ʻole ia. Hoʻokahi wale nō e ʻoki i kahi oak, no ka laʻana, kahi ululāʻau, ʻaʻole hoʻi he mea hiki ke hoʻomau ʻia kahi ʻoka ma waho me ke kōkua ʻole o ke kanaka. Paʻi koke ʻo Aspen i kahi i noho ʻole i ka wahi āpau, me ka ʻauhau wale i nā mea kū oak. A e hoʻihoʻi ma ʻaneʻi nā kuleana o kahi lāʻau ʻoka, e ʻōlelo ai, ma ke kāohi ʻana i ka aspen, e noho nui ana i ka ʻāina ʻokiʻoki a pau e kū nei i ka makani. ʻAʻole kekahi o kēia mau mea. ʻEhalo, inā ʻaʻole he haneli, o nā pua hou e kū hou mai i kahi pana pua.

Hiki ke ola aspen mai ka kanu lāʻau ma o ke kaila pinepine ʻana, ka mea e hiki ai ke hoʻoikaika i nā hua a i ʻole nā ​​mea nui a ke ʻano, a i ke kani ʻana i ka aspen kahiko i kā lākou hāʻule ʻana. I kēia manawa ua lilo ka lāʻau nui i mea kuʻuna o ka arborist.

Akā aloha wale nō ka nahele ʻo ka nahele me ka waiwai haʻahaʻa. No nā aspen olakino, ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻōla i ka hana. ʻO nā ululāʻau kai Soviet ma lalo o ke alakaʻi ʻana o ka ʻepekema ʻOihana ʻo A.S. Yablokov i kūleʻa maikaʻi i ka hakahaka ʻana o ka aspen rot i nā makahiki he nui. Kuhi ʻia nā ʻano nui o nā kumulāʻau aspen he 50 mau mika ka loa a he ʻehā mau mākeke ākea. ʻO kēia mau kaaka wikiwiki, ʻaʻole i kaʻino ʻia e ka ʻenikau mau loa o ka ʻenekepeke - rot, ʻo ia ka haʻaheo a me ka manaolana o ka poʻe iʻa.

Ma kahi o nā Repa, nā puka hoʻonani nani o ka aspen me nā kahe ʻana e pihe ana, a i ʻole nā ​​ʻihi a me nā lei aliʻi e ulu ana i loko o ko mākou mau nahele. ʻO ka aspen kūlohelohe i hali ʻia e ka lālā kūpono o ka Academy of Science o nā Ukrainian SSR F. JI. ʻO Shchepotiev, kapa inoa ʻia no ka hoʻohanohano ʻana i ka Soviet arborist kaulana ʻo Aspen Sukachev.

ʻO nā kumulāʻau Aspen, me kā lākou mahaninau mau, e hoʻomohala i nā kūlana kūpono no nā ʻōpū aspen, e ʻoluʻolu ana i ka puʻuwai o ka mea ʻohi ʻohi. Mai ka pūnāwai a hiki i ka hopena o ke kauwela, aspen foliage shimmers i loko o ka makani, a pau ka hopena o ke kauwela, a ua pena ʻia i loko me nā ʻāpana ʻulaʻula like o ka anuana: ka carmine, meerk, nā lemon-melone i nā lau like ʻole e hāʻawi i nā kiʻi kupanaha i nā lāʻau.

Eia nō naʻe, ʻai nui ka aspen i nā lau i ka notoriety pili me ia, malia paha, mai ka manawa immemorial. ʻO kona mau lau e haʻalulu mau ana a mauʻu, hoʻonāukiuki i nā mea hopohopo i waena o ka mea hele e hele ana ma ka aspen. Nui nā kānaka e hāʻawi iā ia i nā inoa nūhou ʻole. I ka wā kahiko, ma Ukraine ua kapa lākou i ka aspen he lāʻau hoʻohiki. Belenians i krenimo i ka lāʻau kuʻi, Poles - nā haʻalulu. Akā i waena o nā Kelemania a ma Lūkū ua manaʻo ʻia ua kau ʻo Iuda Iscariot iā ia iho ma luna o kahi aspen, a hoʻowahāwahā ʻia hoʻi e hāwau i ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana o ka mea hūʻuki e ka ʻaihue nā lau. No laila ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka inoa "lāʻau lāʻau" iā ia.

Eia naʻe, wehewehe maʻalahi nā mea a pau. Hoʻopili ʻia nā pahu o ka aspen ma ka ʻaoʻao aʻe, ʻo ia ke kumu, me ka neʻe iki ʻana o ka ea, e hoʻomaka ana e neʻe, e haʻalulu. Hōʻike ʻia kēia hiʻohiʻona o ka aspen ma kona inoa: kapa nā nerds i kēia lāʻau ʻo kahi poplar haʻalulu.

Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻe ʻole ka poʻe mahiʻai i ko lākou ola i kēlā me kēia lā ʻo "ʻohana Iuda", me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lāʻau aspen no ka hana ʻana i nā hīnaʻi, a me nā keke lāʻau (nā hihi pōkole) no nā hale. Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo "aspen". I kēia manawa ua hoʻohana ʻia kona lāʻau i ka hana pepa ma kahi hoʻohui i ka lūlū i ka lāʻau a no ka hana o cellulose - ka maka ʻāpana no kahi siliki hana. Akā, ʻo ka mea nui loa o ka aspen, he ahi.

Nā pilina i nā huahana:

• S. I. Ivchenko - Buke e pili ana i nā kumulāʻau