ʻ --lelo - "Kāne ʻAmelika ʻAmelika", ka hale kūpuna mua o ia (e like me ka ʻikepili archaeological) Mekiko. He nui nā mea noiʻi e pili ana i kēia moʻomeheu i ka extraterrestrial origin, kahi kumu i kā lākou hōʻikeʻike no ka waiho ʻole ʻana o nā ʻano loʻomaka a nā kūpuna a me ka hiki ʻole o ka hana kūʻokoʻa. Ke noʻonoʻo nei kēia mau noʻonoʻo i ka hopena o kahi mea ʻike ʻānō ʻAmelika i loaʻa i ka hua i hoʻomaka ai kekahi ʻano mea maikaʻi i ka ʻoi. I loko o kahi ʻumi o nā ʻohiʻī i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma 7000 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, "huli" kūlohelohe "kahi moʻomeheu o 8 millennia. Ma nā hana ʻili o nā ʻekala neʻe mua, ua loaʻa nā ʻano moʻomeheu.
Kulana o palaoa. © Tampo kaneʻO Christopher Columbus ka mea mua i lawe i ka palaoa ma ʻEulopa ma lalo o ka huapalapala inoa. I ka manawa o ka Lūkia Lūkini, ua noho mua ka palaoa ma Ukraine, ka Crimea, ka Caucasus, a me Moldova. Ma ia hope mai, ma ka makemake o Nikita Khrushchev, ua hele ʻo ia ma luna o ka ʻāpana ʻEulopa a ua kāpae i kekahi mau wahi. I kēia lā, ʻike ʻia ka palaoa ma ka honua. Hana nā chefs maikaʻi ma mua o 200 mau papa mai ia.
Kūpono ma ka ʻōnaehana kanu
ʻO ka wīwī i ke ʻauhau ʻānō i nā ʻohana cereals (Poaceae) ʻO nā mea nui i kahi kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa Corn (Zea) Pehea ka huaʻai i hōʻike ʻia e nā ʻanoʻano ʻO ka pā maʻamau (Kauka Zea), nā subspecies (Zea mays subsp. Mays). I nā ʻāina āpau e ulu ana i ka palaoa ma ka nui o nā ʻenehana, hoʻohana kēia ʻano i ka ʻai, ʻenehana, mea ʻai. Ma hope mai, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kahi ʻanoʻokoʻa / subspecies / ʻano like ʻole - Zoe saccharata. Ma nā wahi ʻāpana o Lūkia a me ka CIS, he nui nā inoa o ka palaoa. ʻO ka lālani kaulana loa, maiʻa, millet Turkish, pepeiao o ka palaoa.
ʻO ka wehewehe pōkole pili ola
No ka ʻĀpana ka mea kanu a me nā kumu fibrous maikaʻi, ke kahele ʻana i ka ʻāina i ka 1.0-2.0 m.
Stem 1.5-2.0-3.0 m m, erect, knotty. Ma nā ʻōpū o lalo, i kūkulu ʻia nā aʻa air, e hana ana i ke kākoʻo kākoʻo no ke kiʻekiʻe "kaumaha" aerial mokulele. ʻAʻole e like me nā cereals ʻē aʻe, ua piha ka ʻala i loko i ka pulp me kahi mea ʻala ʻono.
ʻO nā lau o ka palaoa he nui loa, i kekahi manawa a hiki i hoʻokahi mika a me 10-12 cm ka laulā, ka laulima, sessile, vaginal.
ʻO ka ʻōpala ka mea kanu monoecious. Aia ka inflorescences kāne (panicle) ma luna o ka laha. Lawe ʻia ka poli i ka makani, e hāʻule ana i ka nui o nā pahi. Hoʻonohonoho ka inflorescences wahine i ke ʻano o ka spikelets i nā lālani ma nā koena kino o ka cob. Aia nā kolo me nā pua wahine i waena o ka nīpī i loko o nā koi o nā lau. I ka wā o ka uluʻana, e kau ana i nā stigmas filamentous i ke ʻano o kahi pūpū o ka lauoho silky, e hoʻomaloʻo ana ma hope o ke kolo ʻana. Nā pua honu ma Iulai. Hoʻomaʻa ka pua a 2-3 mau hebedoma.
He hua caryopsis ka hua. ʻAʻole like me nā kāhuala, kīwī, ʻūhā, ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ʻokoʻa like ʻole o nā kala like ʻole: ʻulaʻula, ʻulaʻula, ʻeleʻele, kokoke i keʻokeʻo me nā aniani māmā a me nā mau ʻano ʻē aʻe.
ʻO ka palaoa maikaʻi, kāleʻa (Zea mays) hoʻi. © MariaʻO nā maʻi hōʻola o ka palaoa
ʻO ka pīkoi palaoa a me ka wahine e loaʻa i kahi papa inoa o nā mea pono a me nā huaora e loaʻa ai ka hopena therapeutic i ka wā i hoʻohana ʻia i ka meaʻai a i ʻole ke ʻano o nā lāʻau lapaʻau.
ʻO nā hōʻiliʻili o nā pua ʻōpio wahine i kōkua i ka haʻalele ʻana i ka hua bile, hoʻoponopono i ka hana o ka pancreas a me nā leʻa, ka ʻano o ka ʻōpū a me ka ʻawa. Ua nānā ʻia ka dinamika maikaʻi i ka atherosclerosis, polio, eczema, gout, dystrophy muscular, hypovitaminosis "E" a me nā maʻi ʻē aʻe.
ʻO ka mea lapaʻau. ʻAʻole hana nā ʻāina Aboriginal i ke "belt belt" i ka maʻi kanesa.
ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona kemika o ka palaoa
Nā hua ʻala e loaʻa ai nā huaora B, nā nikotinika a me nā pantothenic acid, ke kō, nā momona momona, zeaxanthin, quercetin, a me nā flavonoid derivatives. Kūleʻa ka aila ʻaila i ka huaʻamai E (ʻōpio ʻōpio). Hoʻohana ʻia ia i nā meaʻai. Ma o kāna mau choleretic waiwai, pili ia i nā waiwai o kahi hua manu. ʻO ka aila haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa kolesterol. Hoʻohana ʻia no ka pale ʻana o ka atherosclerosis.
ʻO nā waiwai waiwai loa i nā waiwai maikaʻi he stigmas palaoa. ʻO kā lākou i ka ʻawaʻawa, ka chlorophyll, glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, nā momi. ʻO nā resin, nā huaora o ka B, K, E, D, acid ascorbic a me nā mea hoʻohui like. Hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana mai ka stigmas palaoa i loko o ka pharmacology kūmole i ka gynecology, me ka maʻi o Down, nā maʻi ʻeha a me nā maʻi ʻē aʻe.
Nae momona (Zea mays). © Kahele & Kim StarrAgrotechnology o ka ulu palaoa
Hōʻike ka ʻōpala i nā mea kanu e pono ai ke kanu ʻana i kekahi mau loea. ʻAʻole kēia nā māla i kanu i nā hua e hōʻiliʻili i nā pepeiao ʻono. I mea e kūleʻa ai ke kuʻuna "," ʻimi e hahai i nā hana mālama āpau i koi ʻia e ka ʻenehana.
Nā ʻano like a me nā pōpū o ka palaoa
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi e ulu i nāʻai momona i loko o ka'āina. A ʻoliʻoli nā keiki a me ka manu ke ʻai ʻoliʻoli. Mai nā ʻano ʻĀina, hiki iā ʻoe ke hāʻawi i nā pōkole ma mua o Dobrynya, Lakomka 121, ke ulu ulu ʻana he 70-75 lā. Kūkulu kēlā me kēia mea kanu i nā pepeiao o 2 i ka palaoa me nā hua mania he nui. Nā Hōʻailona Mamua o ke gula 401, Suite 77, Icy Nectar he waena a me ka palahalaha. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā cobs ma kēlā me kēia a me 19 cm. No nā ʻāpana komohana, kūpono nā ʻano Swift a me Sundance. Hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā huaʻai hou. Mālama ʻia lākou i ka maʻalahi. Hāʻawi ka mākeke i kahi ʻano nui o nā ʻano like ʻole a i hoʻomohala ʻia i ʻEulopa a me USA. Loaʻa iā lākou nā pono. Na ka mea e hāʻawi i ka makemake i ka ʻoihana waiwai.
Noho koho a me nā mea mua
No ka palaoa, ka lā maikaʻi ʻoi ka lā, nā wahi paʻa ʻole me nā lāʻau kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka meaʻoi loa ka pīpī, nā pīpī, nā hua kanu i ka wā, nā ʻuala, ka buckwheat, zucchini, paukena, nā hua, nā pepa momona.
Nae momona (Zea mays). © Kahele & Kim StarrPēlā ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana
He moena i hoʻolālā ʻia no ka palaoa, free from remnants of the crop mua. Inā ʻae ka manawa i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke anuanu, e hoʻonāukiuki i ka ulu ʻana o nā lau palu ma o ka hoʻoilo ʻana a luku iā lākou me kahi elele panikini.
Ma mua o ko ka haʻalele ʻana no ka hoʻoilo, e hoʻohui i kahi pākani humus a i ʻole ka wai a me ka momona o ka minima ma ka mamao o 200 g o ka superphosphate a me 80-100 g o ka paʻakai pākahi ma kēlā me kēia mita pā. m square. E kālai i kahi kīʻaha ma luna o kahi bayonet. I ka pūnāwai, ma mua o ka lūlū ʻana ma ka ʻāina i hoʻolapalapa ʻia, e hoʻopili i kahi nitrophosphate o 50-60 g / sq. m. Ma o ka ʻohi hou (10-15 cm), ʻōmaikaʻi i ka lepo a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka mahana mahana mau i ka lulu.
Ke kanu ʻana i ka palaoa
Kulu ʻia nā lālā ma ka ʻaoʻao hema ma waena o Mei. Ma nā waena waena i nā lā ʻelima hope o Mei i ka waena waena o Iune ma o nā hua kanu. A ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻomaka ʻana i ka lūlū me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka ea mahana piha me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka lepo i kahi kaila o cm he ~ 12 ... +15 ° C. Inā lūlū ʻia ma mua, e lilo nā hua a ke ʻeha.
Ma mua o ka lūlū ʻia, hiki ke hoʻolōʻihi ʻia nā hua no 5-10 mau minuke i ka 1% i ka hopena o ka potassium permanganate a, hoʻopuni ʻia ma ka ʻula, pono ke kau ʻia kahi pelela ma kahi mahana (+ 20 ... + 25 ° С) no ka kilchevka.
Nā hiʻohiʻona lāʻau kanu
ʻO ka wili he lāʻau kiʻekiʻe a hiki iā ia ke hana ma ke ʻano pale no nā mea kanu wela wela-makemake a hāpai i ka curly wale nō. ʻO ka hapa pinepine, ma nā dachas ua hoʻohana lākou i kahi ʻano līlū maʻamau, e waiho ana ma waena o nā mea kanu 30 cm a ma waena o nā lālani 50-60 cm. Pono e hoʻoulu ʻia nā luawai ma mua o lulu. Hāpai ʻia ke kanu ʻana ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka wai. Kue ʻia i ka ʻāina maloʻo, ʻaʻole ulu nā hua a lulu. Ma kahi pālua e kau ai nā kiki 2-3 ma ka hohonu o cm cm. E kāpīpī me ka honua ma luna. Ma hope o nā hua kanu e kū mai ana ma hope o 10-12 mau lā, e wehe ʻia nā hua palupalu. I mea e hoʻokūkū ai ka moʻomeheu i kahi hua piha, pono ke lulu i ka liʻiliʻi i nā lālani 4 a i ʻole ka lūlū me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano pālahalaha square (35x35, 40x40 a me kekahi). Piha ʻia kēia ma ka palapala ʻana. ʻO ka lāʻau i lulu ʻia ma nā lā 1-2 e noho maikaʻi ʻole ʻia. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ia e ka lima, ka pīpī ʻana i ka poli piha o nā inflorescences kāne ma o ka lulu ʻana i nā mea kanu i ka wā maloʻo.
Kue ʻia ʻo Corn i kekahi mau huaʻōlelo ma nā lā 10-15, e hiki ai ke hoʻonui i ka hōʻiliʻili no nā hebedoma he 2 mau wiki.
ʻO ka palaoa maikaʻi, he maiahi paha. © JenniferKe kanu ʻana i nā hua ʻai
Ma ka waena a ma waena aʻe o nā ʻāpana ʻākau, e ulu ana ka palaoa ma o nā hua. Ma ka waena waena, kahi i pōkole ai ka manawa mahana, hiki i ke ala seedling ke hiki iā ʻoe ke kiʻi i ka ʻōpū i ka ʻinekema (waiū) i ka mahinaʻai. Aia i ka ʻākau, ua kanu ʻia nā hua ʻai i nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo.
Hoʻokomo ʻia nā hua kanu i loko o nā ʻāpana ʻokoʻa, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻomoʻi i nā ʻōpala, me ka nui o ka liʻiliʻi o ka 200 g. Ua hoʻopiha ʻia nā kīʻaha me nā lau ʻāina o ka peat, humus a i ʻole ka haku pā a me ka one (1: 2: 1). Hoʻohui ʻia ka hina a me ka nitrophosphate i ka hoʻopili ʻana. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā hua me 3-4 cm a kāpīpī ʻia me ka one. Mālama ʻia ka lepo i loko o ka ipuhao. Ma mua o ke kōwili ʻana, ke ana mai ka mahana i loko o ka lumi mai waena o + 20 ... + 25 * C, ma hope o ka germination hiki ke hoʻemi ʻia i + 17 ... + 20 * C. 8-10 mau lā ma mua o ke kanu ʻana i kahi ma kahi mau, e hānai ʻia nā hua kanu a hoʻoinu ʻia. Kūkulu ʻia nā hua kanu he 30 i kahi mau wahi ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka neʻe ʻana (i ʻole e hōʻino i nā aʻa) a i ʻole me kahi ipu (ʻoka kō).
ʻO ka mālama lāʻau
Pono ka lepo ma lalo o ke kanu ʻana i ka palaoa, maʻemaʻe mai nā lau, ʻaʻole me nā pala. Akā lawe wale ʻia ka loosening a hiki i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā aʻa subordinate. I ka hoʻomakaʻana o nā aʻa hopena, ua lawe ʻia nā puʻu 1-2 e uhi i nā aʻa komo. Hoʻohui ʻia ka loosening mua e hui pū me hope-irrigation mulching.
Ma kahi o ka lau o 2-3, ua weed ka palaoa, e hoʻokaʻawale ana i nā pua nāwaliwali e ulu ana i kahi pā. Waiho i kekahi manawa 2 o nā pua ikaika loa a nui.
Me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka ulu ulu, kū ka pili o nā ala i ka palaoa. Pilikia pū lākou i ka luku, ʻoiai lākou e lawe i ka nui o nā mea kanu mai ka mea kanu nui. Ma ke ala, ʻike nā ʻanuʻu ʻaoʻao me ka lulu sparse.
Pono e hoʻoulu ʻia ka pāʻani i ka manawa 1 i 6-10 mau lā a i ʻole ka pau ʻana o ka 4-5 cm o ka lepo lepo. Ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, pono ke kūleʻa ka wai i ka 1-12 cm o ka papa lepo. Hāʻawi ka papahele o ka ihu i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā pepeiao kīnā ʻole.
Kūʻai nui ke ʻoka no ka hānai. I ka ulu ulu ʻana, aia ma ka liʻiliʻi loa 3 mau lole e lawe. ʻO ka mea mua - i ka ʻaoʻao o 6 mau lau, kahi hoʻonā o nā ʻōpū manu a manure paha. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka hapa nui i ka 11 a me 8 mau manawa, kēlā. ʻO ka lua - i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka pua o ka palaoa a i ʻole ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka ʻili ʻana i kahi poʻo o ka kāpeti. Lawe mai lākou i ka nitrofosk, hiki ke hui ʻia me kemira hua a i ʻole microelements. No 1 tapahi. m. hāʻawi i 40-60 g o nitrophosphate a (inā he) 30 g o kemira. Kāwaha iā 1-2 mau aniani o ka lehu. ʻO ke kapa hope loa e hana ʻia e nā nitrophosic a i ʻole ka phosphorus-potassium fertilizers, kēlā me 40 a 30 g / sq. m
Nā hua kanu o ka palaoa, ke kolu o ka wiki. © Amber ikaikaʻO nā maʻi a me nā pōpoki o ka palaoa
ʻO ka pinepine, ʻo ka maʻi e hoʻopili ʻia me ka smut smut, bacteriosis. Hiki ke hoʻopilikia ʻia kahi maʻi maʻi i nā cobs wale nō, akāʻo nā mea kanu i nā mea kanu (nā lau a me nā kumu). I mea e lēʻaʻi ai i nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe, e lawe koke ʻia ka mea maʻi a puhi. No ka prophylaxis, mālama ʻia nā hua kanu ma mua o ka lūlū ʻana a me nā hoʻolālā biofungicide planriz, hoʻopili ʻia ka trichodermin me ka wai.
E kūʻē i ka mea mua o ka maluhia (ka pōloli momona) hoʻomohala ka helminthosporiasis i ka palaoa. ʻO ka hōʻike waho o ka maʻi ka waviness o nā lau. Hoʻopilikia ia i nā cobs - hollow, me aneane ʻaʻohe grains. Pono e hānai me kahi hoʻonā o nā mea potash fertilizers (30-40 g / pākui wai), 1-2 lita no kēlā me kēia mea kanu.
ʻO nā pōpilikia, ua pā ka palaoa i nā aphids, scoops, palaoa a me ka nahele me ka ihu, nā wireworms, nā pōpoki a me nā mea'ē aʻe. ʻAʻole ia e kuhikuhi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻonaninani i ka wā e ulu ai ka palaoa i ka ʻāina, no ka mea he mea nui ia e kiʻi i kahi huahana ʻoihana kūlohelohe. No laila, ma hope o nā hua liʻiliʻi, e hoʻolapalapa ʻia ka palaoa 2 mau manawa i kēlā me kēia mahina me nā hopena o nā bioinsecticides (actofit, bitoxibacillin, etc.) e like me nā manaʻo i hoʻohana ʻia. He hōʻeha lākou i nā kānaka a me nā holoholona. ʻO ka soy i kanu ʻia ma hope o ka palaoa e pale aku i ka hua mai ka bug bug.
ʻEle palaoa. © Jeanie TsengNaana
No ka hoʻohana malū, ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia ka palaoa i ka wai ʻōpala. Hiki iā ʻoe ke kūlou i nā māka lau a hoʻāʻo i ka kahe o nā māla ma ka ʻōpala, kahi i maloʻo ai nā ʻano o nā pua wahine. No ka holoi ʻana, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hua momona waiū.
