ʻO nā hua waina ka huaʻalani o ke ola. ʻO ka meaʻai, nā mea kanu a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau e ʻike ʻia nei. Loaʻa i nā hua waina i nā puna he nui assimilated - glucose a me ka fructose, nā waikawa organik - ka tartaric, malic, citric, oxalic, glucarboxylic, a me nā mea hou aʻe i nā huahana organik, ka wai o nā huaʻai e pili ana i ka 1,5% o nā minela - kalima, sodium, phosphorus, hao, alumini , iodine, bromine, boron a me nā makro- a me microelement. Kūpono nā huaʻai i nā huaora A (carotene), B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), C (ascorbic acid). ʻO ka hui pū pū ʻana o nā mea waiwai a me nā minela e hoʻoholo i ka leʻaleʻa maikaʻi a me ka momona o nā hua waina a me nā hua waina - nā waiʻona a me nā wina, nā compotes a me nā marinades.
Kahele lāʻau © normanackNā hua waina, Latin - Vitis.
ʻO nā huaʻai o nā mea kanu o ka Pūnaewele, ʻo nā hua o nā mea kanu, e kūlohelohe i nā hua momona.
Ua kapa ʻia nā hua waina he kumu waina. Hāʻawi ka hua puaʻa i kahi pana liʻiliʻi ma ka makahiki mua ma hope o ke kō. Mai nā ʻōpū mai ka umauma o kāna mau lau, elongated, ulu maikaʻi nā ulu maikaʻi i ka makahiki e hiki mai ana, a laila, i ka makahiki aʻe, loaʻa mai kēlā me kēia pua i nā pua hou i ulu ʻia, e waiho wale ana i lalo o kā lākou pua i ka wā lohi, no laila ka waiho wale ʻana o ka pana pua mai kēlā pana ʻia. he pākē pakele kahi ma loko.
Liʻiliʻi nā pua, ʻohi ʻia i loko o nā kahawai. ʻO nā hua he spherical a ovoid berries, ʻohi ʻia i loko o ia mau mea ʻaka a i ʻole ka maloʻo. Hoʻololi like ka kala o nā hua like me nā ʻano (ʻulaʻula, ʻōmaʻomaʻo, uliuli uliuli, poni, ʻoniʻoni, a me nā mea).
Nā hua waina © RomtomtomNā hiʻohiʻona o nā mea kanu i ulu
Hoʻopili ʻia ke kumu waina a ulu nui i nā wahi i uhi ʻia e ka makani a me nā wahi mahana. Ua ulu maikaʻi kahi mau kīhāpai me nā hua waina me kahi manawa ulu e ulu ana ma ka ʻāina ʻo Moscow. ʻO nā ʻano me nā hua ʻeleʻele e pono ai ka wela ma mua o nā ʻano me nā hua māmā. No laila, i nā wahi momona, ulu ka nui o nā mea i ʻoi aku, ʻoiai inā he nui nā ʻano lāʻau paʻakikī me nā hua ʻeleʻele.
Nā hua waina © Bernt RostadNoho kūlana a ka wahi o nā hua waina
Hoʻololi ka vine i nā ʻāina ʻokoʻa ma lalo o ʻelua mau kānāwai: ʻo ka pā o ka ʻāina me ka wai o ka wai kahe e pono ka hohonu, a me PH - 6.5-7.0. ʻAʻole kūpono nā carbonbonates no ia ma muli o ka pilikia o ka chlorosis. ʻO ke koho o ka wahi no ka kanu ʻana i nā hua waina he mea nui loa, no ka mea pono ia e pale ʻia mai ka makani a wehe ʻole i ka lā. I nā wahi mahana, ulu maikaʻi nā hua waina i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe. He kūpono no ke kahawai e kū ana i ka hema a i hema paha. I nā wahi anu, hiki ke ulu nā hua waina i kahi pā a i ʻole ka pā e kū ana i ka hema. Mai kanu i ka māla ma nā wahi o ka hemo ʻana o ka ea anuanu.
Nā hua waina © roblisameehanKa hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka lepo no ke kanu ʻana i nā hua waina
Inā he ʻeha a oversaturation o ka lepo me ka ea, pono ia e waiho i kahi pāheʻe. ʻO 2-3 mau pule ma mua o ke kanu ʻana, e hoʻomākaukau i ka lepo me kahi kāwili lua-ʻelua. E hoʻoneʻe i ka lepo lepo kiʻekiʻe ma ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka lime ma ka pae o 200 g no 1 m2. Inā maikaʻi ʻole ka lepo, e hoʻohui i ka manure a pala a i ʻole ka compost (hoʻokahi wheelbarrow no 2 mau mika mika o ka ʻāina) a me nā pālahalaha kōmala. Pono nā māla i kahi ʻōnaehana kākoʻo o nā ʻili wili. Inā ulu ka ulu waina i ka paia, e hoʻonoho i ke kelepona ma kahi mamao o 25-30 cm mai kekahi mai. No nā māla ma kahi ākea, pana i 60 cm i ka lepo me nā pou lāʻau 2 m lōʻihi loa me kahi manawa o 2.5-3.5 m E hoʻomau i nā pou nui me nā kākoʻo. Hoʻokahi ʻia kahi ua 40 cm ma luna o ka lepo, a ma luna o kēlā me kēia 30 cm ʻelua mau ʻāpana (no laila e halihali ma kēlā me kēia kolamu) Hoʻokomo i kahi pākuʻi i loko o ka ua i kēlā me kēia kahua no ka kanu ʻana e hiki mai ana.
Nā hua waina © farlaneKāpala hua waina
Hiki iā ʻoe ke kanu i ka māla mai ʻOkakopa a Malaki. Akā, ua pili wale kēia mau huaʻōlelo i nā wahi hema i hoʻoilo ʻole ka lepo i ka hoʻoilo. Ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka wā kanu maikaʻi loa ka puna (ma mua o ka hāwī ʻana o nā pua). Kūpono ʻia me nā hana ʻokiʻoki ʻia e hana ʻia i ka wā kanu ʻana i ka pā o ka ʻāina ma kahi hohonu o ka liʻiliʻi o 10-11 ° C. E waiho i kahi māla nawaliwali (ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o ka 0.5 mm ka diameter) no ka hoʻoilo i kahi ʻōmaʻomaʻo anuanu a kanu iā ia i ka honua i ka wā e hele ai ka hoʻoweliweli ʻana o ka hau. . ^ E Ha yM. Kūkulu aʻe i kahi māla kokoke i ka pā a i ʻole kahi pā paʻa ma ka lōʻihi he 1,2 m.ka hoʻokahi mai ka ʻaoʻao a me 40 cm mai ka paia, i kahi wahi ākea - ma kahi mamao o 1,1-1,5 m mai kahi i kekahi i nā lālani me ka pā o 1.5-2 m. E nānā he kahua kele, inā i hoʻohui ʻia ke kumu waina, ma luna o ka pae lepo. E kāʻei i ke kumu waina i ke kākoʻo. E ninini a me ka mulch ma luna o ka manure a i ʻole ka compost.
Nā hua waina © NāwāwaʻaʻO ka ʻoki ʻana a hoʻōla i nā hua waina
Hoʻohui i nā pālahalaha mineral. I ka pūnāwai, mulch me kahi papa o ka ʻōpala i hoʻo ʻia i ka 2.5-3.5 cm mānoanoa.ʻO ka vine ua maʻa i ka nele o ka magnesium i ka lepo. E hoʻoulu i ka 250 g o ka magnesium sulfate i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma 10 l o ka wai. E hana hou ma hope o ʻelua pule. I ka wā e ulu ana, he hoʻokahi i ka hebedoma, e hānai i nā papa pākau me ka huaʻai a me ka minamina o ka wai a hiki i ka hua ʻana o ka hua. Pono ke kumu lāʻau i ulu kūʻē i ka pā i ka wai maʻamau.
Nā hua waina © atomic0xNaana
ʻOiai ke kala piha ʻana o nā hua waina, ke hoʻomau nei lākou, no ka mea pono lākou i ka manawa e hōʻiliʻili ai i nā puna. Lā kēia manawa mai 4-5 mau wiki no ka hoʻomaka o nā ʻano wikiō i 8-10 mau minuke no nā ʻano lohi. ʻO ka hoʻopā ʻana i nā hua waina e hoʻopau i kā lākou panina palaoa, a no laila ʻokiʻoki i nā hua o nā hua waina me nā secateurs me kahi hua pu.
Nā hua waina © KauHoʻomaka
I ka ʻāpono ʻana i nā hua waina, pono ʻoe e hoʻāʻo e like me ka mea i waiho ʻia ai nā ʻoki no ka hua.
- Me ka ʻole o ka pōʻino (huahekili, friction), me nā hōʻailona ʻole o ka maʻi (hina hina, pana i ka make), maikaʻi ʻia i ka lōʻihi loa.
- Pono nā ʻōpala o nā mānoanoa, me ka lōʻihi o ka 6-12 mm (pili kēia i nā lāʻau pākeke, ma nā lāʻau ʻōpiopio, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻoi aku ka ʻāhinahina o ke kumu lāʻau). ʻO nā pua wīwī nui me kahi liʻiliʻi o ka lāʻau i loaʻa nā mea mālama huna. ʻO nā pua wīwī loa no ka hapa nui he mau loa nā internode, kahi laulā ākea a me ka hua liʻiliʻi kīlea ulu ʻole, paʻakikī a kūleʻe a haki maʻalahi.
Inā hiki, pale i nā wīlima makahiki (kūlima, nā hose, nā poʻohiwi) mai nā hōʻeha nui i ka wā kanu, no ka mea ʻaʻole kahe ʻia kēia mau maʻa i nā hua waina.
Inā makemake ʻoe e hoʻokō i kahi hua kanu kiʻekiʻe a me ka hopena lōʻihi o nā hua lāʻau, ʻaʻole e waiho ma mua o 8-12 mau maka ma kahi o 1 m2 o ke keʻena i noho ʻia e ka lāʻau pākeke. Ma lalo o nā kūlana maʻamau, ʻaʻohe hala nā hewa i ka wā e kanu ai i nā hua momona me ka helu ʻole ʻana i nā maka a no laila kahi wahi no lākou i ka trellis. I.e. no kahi kimeona a no ka mea hili pākahi (inā e hoʻokuʻo ʻoe i nā wana i ka pae ma lalo) - ʻaʻohe kīwaha me nā pua e hoʻohua ana i nā hua ʻē aʻe a me nā lāʻau kokoke. Ke hāʻule ka liʻiliʻi a paʻa paha nā mea kanu liʻiliʻi, hiki ke uku ʻia ka hōʻoki ʻana me ka waiho ʻana i nā maka hou i nā lāʻau ikaika kokoke loa me ka ʻole o ka nalowale i ka maikaʻi o ka hua.
Nā hua waina © Bernt RostadHoʻopili ma hope o ka pōʻino o ka honu (me ka moʻomeheu uhi ʻole)
Inā hōʻino ʻia e nā frosts hoʻoilo, pono ke hoʻokaʻawale i waena o kaʻeha o ka maka a me ka lāʻau lāʻau. I ka hihia o ka hōʻino ʻana i nā maka, ʻike ʻia ka nui o ka helu ʻana ma ka wehe ʻana iā lākou me kahi puʻupuʻu (ʻoi), hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻokō i kekahi uku, e waiho ana nā maka hou ke kāʻei ʻia. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole i kuhikuhi ʻia nā maka he nui, ʻoiai e hoʻonui nui ʻia ana ka nui o nā hana ʻōmaʻomaʻo ma muli o ke hoʻokumu ʻana o nā pua mai nā kākela a me nā hiamoe hiamoe. Inā hoʻopau nā lua o ka hoʻoilo i ka ʻūhā o ka kumulāʻau, me nā manamana lima (mahele o ka ʻōpū), a laila hiki ke hoʻāʻo e hoʻopakele i nā kanu ʻōpiopio ma ke kanu ʻana i ka mahele o ka ulu lāʻau. Me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā pihi manawaleʻa pinepine, hiki i ka hana ʻana o kahi ʻōpala hou o ka ulu lāʻau, e like me nā mākeke ʻōpio.
Hoʻomaka ka'āla hua waina
No ka ʻoki hua ʻana i pono e hoʻohana i kahi lāʻau huehue maikaʻi a hoʻoluʻolu hoʻi, e waiho ana i kahi ʻoki. Pono e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia nā lāʻau kahiko ma nā kihi ʻono kūpono (ʻoi aʻe ka palena ʻeha) a ʻaʻole i kokoke loa i ke kumu o ka pana lāʻau aiʻole nā poʻohiwi. ʻOʻokiʻoki i nā pua makahiki i kēlā me kēia ma luna o ka maka haʻahaʻa (1-3 cm ma luna).
Nā hua waina © mauʻekeNā maʻi a me nā maʻi ʻeha
No ka ʻike pololei ʻana i ka maʻi, pono ia e noiʻi i ka paʻakikī o nā hōʻailona i ka dinamics o kā lākou hōʻike ʻana, no ka mea Hiki i nā hōʻailona like like me nā ʻano like ʻole.
Wahi a ka lōʻihi o ka maʻi, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā hua waina i loko o ke aʻa a me ka wā.
ʻO nā mea kumu kumu o nā maʻi maʻi (esca, excorioz, eutipiosis, bacteriosis, viruses) he hiki ke hiki ke hana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau maʻamau maʻamau i ka hoʻomoe ʻana i nā māla waina e lākou a hiki ke noho i kahi kūlana latent (latent) no ka manawa lōʻihi. Laha aku ka maʻi i ka wā o ka wā e hoʻomōlaʻi ai i nā hua waina me nā pono hana a me nā hāmeʻa hana, nā mea hoʻomo manuahi, ʻaʻole i emi pinepine - ka pīpī a me nā hua kanu.
ʻO ka ulu ʻana o nā maʻi ʻōlima (wīwī, oidium, hina hina, anthracnose, rubella, keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo) i hoʻoholo ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki e ka makahiki o ka hoʻoilo o ka helu o nā maʻi, ka mea nui ma muli o nā kūlana o ka wā o ka manawa e ulu ana a hiki ke wānana ʻia.
Mildew (downy kalo) - Hoʻoulu i ka wā ulu o nā hua waina a hoʻopili i nā ʻāpana āpau o ka ulu lāʻau (mau lau, ʻoki, inflorescences, nā hua). Hoʻomaka ka maʻi maʻamau ma mua o ka ua nui, ka ua nui, ka hoʻolele ʻana i ka lepo a me nā lau (ʻokoʻa ka liʻiliʻi o ka ea i ka pō ma lalo ʻole o +13). Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā hua ʻula, nā ʻōmole ʻili o nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole i nā lau. Ke kū ka wai a he hau paha ma ka ʻaoʻao o nā lau, ua uhi ʻia nā wahi i pōkole ma ka uhi keʻokeʻo o ka mycelium. Hoʻokū ʻia nā mea kanu a me nā kino o nā hua waina i ka pō like, i loko o kahi pn keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo ma nā wahi lāʻau. Kūpī ka lau ʻōpala a hina i nā wahi ma nā wahi (necrotizing), a me kahi maʻi ikaika, hāʻule nā lau i hāʻule. Ka loko o nā keʻokeʻo a me nā hua ʻalaʻulaʻula e huli i ka brown a maloo a pala paha. Kue a pana a nānā makua. Loaʻa nā poho hāʻule i ka 75% a keu aʻe. Me nā ua lōʻihi, nā pua, ka hau, ka ulu koke ka maʻi.
ʻO ka māke kumu kumu o ka maʻi he mōʻī microscopic. I ka hoʻoilo, hoʻomohala ʻia nā ʻōhulu i nā lau i paʻi ʻia e ke kumulā, he ʻohu mānoanoa ʻo hiki ke loaʻa i nā wai nui. Pale maikaʻi lākou i ka wā o ka hoʻoilo ma ka wai a ma lalo o ka ʻili o ka lepo. I ka pūnāwai, i ka lepo nāwaliwali, ulu mai nā oospores a kūkulu i nā zoospores. ʻO ka zoospore, e neʻe ana i kahi puna o ka wai, e komo i ka stomata o ka lau a hāpai i ka mycelium parasit. Hoʻokū ʻia ka mycelium i loko o ka pā (incubation period) a hiki ʻole i nā fungicides. Hoʻomoe ka wā incubation i nā lā 4-13, hilinaʻi i ka mahana, ma hope o nā hua i kanu ʻia i nā lau i hoʻopilikia ʻia. Ke hele wale nei ka maʻi maʻi i ka wā o ka ua, ka hau a me ka pua; Ua kanu wale ʻia kaʻu huaʻai i kahi wai wai. Ma nā wahi i loaʻa ai ka wela o ke kauwela a ua nui pinepine ka ua, ua hau a hoʻoulu paha nā ʻū, ua ulu ikaika ka lāʻau a hoʻoulu i ka luku nui.
- Nā hana ʻohi: E hana i nā kūlana no ka hoʻāla ʻana i nā pua. ʻO nā mālama hoʻomalu me ka palu ʻo Bordeaux a i ʻole nā mea e hoʻololi ai (ʻelua ma mua o ka pua). Hiki iā ia ke hoʻouka ʻia me nā hoʻomākaukau aʻe penei: Amistar, Efal, Mikal, Delan, Strobi, Ditan-M45, Novozir, Pencozeb, Utan, Acrobat, Ridomil, Ridomil-Gold, Sandofan, Kuproksat, Kartotsid, Copper oxychloride, Agiba-Peak, Oksikhom, Poliram Folpan, Avixil.
Oidium (pauka kala) - Ka pili i nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo o nā mea āpau, ka ulu ʻana ma ka inflorescences a me nā ʻōpio ʻōpiopio. Hōʻike ʻia ka leile mua ma mua o ka pua ʻana i nā ʻoka i hoʻoili ʻia mai nā makahiki i hala. ʻO kēia mau pua, me nā lau, ua uhi ʻia me ka pulu a ʻulaʻula hina a lawelawe paha ke kumu o ka hoʻolaha ʻia o ka maʻi. Ma nā lau, hoʻomohala ka ʻōpū i ka ʻaoʻao o luna (me kahi maʻi koʻikoʻi ikaika ia hiki ke hoʻomohala ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua), ʻoiai e huli i ka brown a maloʻo. Hoʻokumu maikaʻi nā wana a loaʻa i ka hoʻoilo i ka hoʻoilo.
I nā hua waina huehue, ʻike ʻia ka ʻili o lalo i ke kaomi o ka ulu ʻana o nā pulp a me nā hua. ʻO kahi hōʻailona o ka hōʻino o ka mea kanu e ka oidium ʻo ka ʻono maikaʻi ʻole o ka iʻa pala. Ke alakaʻi nei ka maʻi i ka emi ʻana o ka loaʻa, ka hoʻemi ʻana o ke kō, ʻoi aku ka waina mai nā hua like ʻole.
Hoʻoulu ikaika ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo oidium i ka kūlohelohe ma kahi mahana o 19-24 mau degere a me ka hoʻonui nui ʻana me ka wai ʻole. Hoʻomoe ka wā incubation i nā lā 5-7. Hiki i nā poho hāʻule ke piʻi i ka 70-80%.
- Nā hana ʻohi: E hana i nā kūlana no ka hoʻāla ʻana i nā pua. E hoʻopau i ka maʻi maʻamau o ka oidium, lawe ʻia nā hana mua ma nā wahi o ka foci me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā lau 2-3 i nā wana. A laila e hana i ka mālama ʻana ma mua o ka pua a ma hope koke o ka pua ʻana. A laila, nānā lākou i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka maʻi a inā pono, e hoʻokō. Nā mākaukau e pono ai: Amistar, Efal, Mikal, Fundazol, Vectra, Rovral, Strobi, Kartotsid, Topaz, Cumulus, Pahu, Colloidal, Tiovit-Jet, Atemi S, Falcon, Euparen multi, Privent, Saprol, Hoʻomaʻa.
Nā hua waina © huikeleHiki i nā mea āpau ke leʻaleʻa i kā lākou mau lua pele i kā lākou nani a me nā mea ʻala inā e hahai ʻoe i nā ʻōlelo ʻōlelo i luna no ka mea e ulu ana ia!
E kali ana no kāu mau ʻōlelo!
