He pōʻino maoli kekahi o Nematodes. Heʻuʻuku liʻiliʻi lākou a he paʻakikī ke ʻike, akā ʻo ka hopena o loko o ka nānā ʻana e uku nui ʻia. Hiki i kēia mauʻauʻau ke palupalu i ka mea kanu a me nā kīhāpai, a me ka māla mahiʻai. Mea makemake lākou i ka parasitize i nā mea kanu loko. E nānā pono i kēia mau pōpoki, a pehea e hana ai iā lākou.
Hoʻokomo ʻia nā kāloti i nā nematodes.
ʻO ka wehewehe nui o nā nematodes
Nematodes, a i ʻole Roundworms (Nematoda, Nematodes) - ʻano o nā ʻalāʻauʻau (e like me nā helu ʻē aʻe, nematodes - kahi ʻano o nā ʻōwili kīwī, e komo pū ana i nā ʻōpū o loko.
ʻO kekahi o nā ʻano nui loa o ke aupuni holoholona. Ma kahi o 30,000 mau mea i wehewehe ʻia, akā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka kū maoli. Hoʻokumu i ka pace o ka wehewehe ʻana i nā ʻano hou ʻokoʻa a me ka kiʻekiʻe o ka loiloi iniseti manuahi, hiki ke manaʻo ʻia i ka nui maoli o nā ʻano holoholona he 1,000,000.
Nui nā ʻano o ka nematodes he mau mea make pūpū o nā mea kanu, nā holoholona, a me nā kānaka (roundworms, trichinella, hookworm, rishta, etc.). Noho ʻo ka manu-nui ma ka moana, ka wai wai a me ka lepo. E hoʻomau i nā maʻi o nematode o nā mea kanu, i nā holoholona a me nā kānaka - nematodoses.
ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kino o ka nematodes mai ka 80 μm a 8 m (ka parasite Placentonema gigantissima, e noho ana i ka plasenta plenta, he lōʻihi ia). Loaʻa i ke kino o nā nematodes kahi ʻano fusiform, pili i nā pihi. Aia ke kino i ka ʻāpana ʻāpana a loaʻa i ka symmetry bilateral.
Nā ʻano hae o nā nematodes - nā lāʻau kanu
Hoʻopilikia ka lāʻau kanu Nematode i kahi helu o ka nematodes e ʻai ai nā mea kanu. Loaʻa i nā mea kanu hihiu a kanu i nā mea kanu liʻiliʻi. ʻO ka pinepine, ʻike ʻia nā hōʻailona o waho o ka loilo o nematode o nā mea kanu me ka hoʻolohi ʻana i ka wā e hiki mai ana o nā ʻōpala, ulu a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea kanu, nāhelehele palupalu, hōʻuluʻulu āpau (i kekahi manawa nui) make o nā mea kanu i ka wā ʻōpiopio, a i ʻole ka hōʻemi a i ʻole ka pau ʻana o ka lawe.
Ma ke kaʻina ʻai o ka hānai, hoʻonāukiuki nā nematodes i ka kūʻiʻo o nā aʻa, a laila hoʻoikaika ʻia i ka komo ʻana o nā pūpū pathogen, nā bako a me nā virus i loko o ka mea kanu. ʻO ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka nematodes i loko o nā aʻa o nā mea kanu ka mea e hoʻokū ikaika i ka ulu ʻana o ka aʻa a me ka pala o nā aʻa liʻiliʻi, ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā ʻano o nā ʻano like ʻole, ʻokiʻoki ʻia, nā ʻōpio, ke alakaʻi nei i ka make o nā aʻa.
ʻO ka hua a me nā lau nematodes
ʻO ka hua a me nā lau nematodes kumu o ke ʻano o ka fusiform o nā kumu, lalo o ka lau o ka lau a me ka deformation. ʻO nā lau i loaʻa i ka nematode lau ua uhi ʻia me nā wahi maloʻo necrotic o kahi ʻano i hoʻoponopono ʻole ʻia, hoʻonohonoho ʻia i kahi kauoha koholā. I nā manawa pinepine e hoʻopau ai i nā nematodes lau i nā lau kai ʻoi, nephrolepis, chrysanthemum. Loaʻa ka lāʻau nematode hua lāʻau i nā mea kanu hua ʻai: nā bawang a me ke kāleka, ka pāhala, parsnips, kamato, nā ʻōpala, nā kukama.
Nematodes.
Noho nematode
ʻO ka maʻi Beet ma muli o ka nematode i kapa ʻia ka ʻōpala o ka pōʻaiʻai (pōʻaiʻai) o ka lepo, ʻoiai kona helehelena i ʻike ʻia i ka hoʻohemo ʻana i ka lepo a me kāna hoʻoemi ʻana i ka paʻakai pālolo; aka, ua kumu no ke kumu maoli o na maʻi e ka noi ana o Kuhn a me kekahi.
ʻO ka pōʻino i hana ʻia e ka nematode i loko o ka browning i nā lau a i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka nui a me ke kaupaona (2-3 mau manawa) o ke aʻa o ka mea kanu, ua ʻānai loa ia ka hopena. ʻO ka nui o ke kō i loko o ka beetroot maʻi maʻi ua emi iho ma mua o 6%. Me ka nui o ka fecundity o ka nematode, he mea nui loa ia e hoʻopōʻino i nā mea kanu pīpī.
Potato nematode
ʻO ka wili poʻo o ka ʻohana Heterodcridae. ʻO ka lōʻihi kino e pili ana i ka 1 mm. ʻO Parasitizes i nā aʻa o ka ʻuala (maʻa mau pinepine - ma nā kōpune), nā māmato, i kekahi manawa ma pōʻeleʻele blackhade. Aia kahi nematode o kahi paʻai ma ʻEulopa, ʻAsia, ʻAmelika Hema a me ʻAmelika Hema, ma Aferika a me Australia.
Hoʻoulu ʻia ka ulu ʻana mai ka larva a hiki i ka pākeke o ka nematode o nā mea kanu i loko o nā kiko o ke aʻa (umu) o ka mea kanu. Kūpono nā kāne ʻōwili ʻōpiopio i waho o ke aʻa i ka lepo. ʻO nā wahine me ka hoʻopau o ke poʻo e paʻa i ke kumu (tuber); ke kino ʻōpū, i uhi ʻia me ka cuticle mānoanoa, pale ʻole i waho.
Ma hope o ka hoʻomakeʻa ʻana i ka male, make ke kāne, a ʻoi aku ka wahine ma mua o nā hua he 1000, e waiho nei ma loko o ke kino o ka makuahine, ka mea i lilo i ka ʻaka ma hope o kona make ʻana. I ka pūnāwai, ua puka mai ke aniani mai ka cyst a a komo i nā aʻa o nā mea kanu.
ʻO ka potatate nematode e pale i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻuala, ka hoʻēmi ʻana i ka hua; me nā maʻi koʻikoʻi, ʻaʻole puka i nā kūleʻa a ulu i nā lākiʻi wale 1-3.
ʻO nā nematode aʻa
ʻO nā wīpohu polament he hui nui o nā wīpika nematode parasito e kumu ai nā galls i nā aʻa kanu.
Kūpī nā ʻōneʻa (lōʻihi a hiki i 2 mm), ua ʻōpū nā wahine, hua ʻehā hua (lōʻihi e pili ana i 1 mm). He multinivorous lākou, e hoʻopiʻi ana ma mua o 2 mano mau mea kanu (e komo pū ana me nā mea kanu ʻai, a me nā mea kanu lāʻau, nā mea kanu a me nā mea kanu lāʻau.
Ke ulu nei ka hoʻolālā i nā lā 19-45. Kūpono ka wahine wahine i loko o ke aniani a hiki i 2 tausani mau hua no kona ola. Hoʻomua ka nematode larva e ulu ana i ka hua manu i ka melt mua i loko o ka hua, ʻoki, komo i loko o ke aʻa a hoʻomaʻomaʻama loa i nā wai o ka hano no nā mea hoʻokipa, e huli nei i kahi wahine kīnā ʻole a i hue paha, e waiho ana i ka ʻimi i ka huli ʻana i kahi wahine.
Hoʻoulu ka ulu a me ka hoʻolālāʻana o ka nematode i ka momona o ka lepo a me ka mahana i waena o 20-30 ° C. I kekahi mau wahi kanu, ua pae nā pH pae o 5.5–5.8 i ka hoʻomohala ʻana ma ka nematode. ʻO nā mea ʻē aʻe, e like me ke ʻano o ka lepo a me nā mea kanu kūlohelohe, e pili pū ana i ka peka ola nematode.
Nā hōʻailona kūwaho o ka mea kanu lāʻau e nematodes
ʻO nā mea kanu i loaʻa i ka nematodes e waiho ma hope o ka ulu ʻana, e wīwī i ka mahana i ka wā mahana a hana i nā liʻiliʻi lahilahi. Hōʻike nā wahi liʻiliʻi i nā aʻa, hoʻopuni a elongated paha ma ke ʻano. I ka wā mua, he pala melemele nā nalo, a laila, me ka ulu ʻana o ka maʻi, lilo lākou i ʻeleʻele. Wahi a ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pōʻino, ʻaʻole e ulu maikaʻi nā mea kanu i hōʻike ʻia, hōʻike lākou i nā hōʻailona o ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka wai a me ka nele o kaʻai.
Pono e hoʻomanaʻo ʻia i loko o kekahi mau mea kanu ma nā aʻa i kolo ai nā māla liʻiliʻi a i ʻole nā ʻōpala. Hoʻohana lākou e hōʻili i nā mea kanu momona. No ka laʻana, arrowroot, chlorophytum.
ʻO nā hōʻailona o ka lesi a ka ʻōkaka ma ka nematode aʻa.
ʻO nā hōʻailona o ka lesi nematode ma nā lau o ka mea kanu.
ʻO nā hōʻailona o ka lesion palaoa nematode.
ʻO nā hana hoʻomalu i ka Nematode a me nā hana no ka pale ʻana
ʻO kekahi o nā ala maʻalahi e pale ai i ka pālahalaha ʻana o nā nematodes ma kahi ma ka ʻano ke hoʻololi ʻia ʻana o nā hua. ʻO nā nematodes he mau pōpoki o kahi mea kanu a ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻai i kekahi mea wale nō ke kanu lāʻau. No laila, pono e huki aʻe i kahi papa hana o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana a ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka nematode ma ka wahi i pā ʻia i mau makahiki, ʻaʻole e ulu i ka hua i pā ʻia e lākou.
I kēia manawa o ka make, ua make ka hua make o ka nematode. ʻO ka paʻakikī e kāohi i ka nematodes ma kēia ala ka mea i loaʻa iā lākou ka hiki ke noho pono i kahi manawa lōʻihi.
No ka kanu ʻana, e hoʻohana i nā mea kanu maikaʻi wale nō, ʻokiʻoki.
E hoʻomoʻa i nā mea kanu i loko no kahi o ʻelima a ʻeono mau hola, nā lau ma hope o ka pipi ʻana e hoʻomaloʻo a hiki i ka pō.
Inā e hōʻemi nui ʻia ka mahana o ka ea ma ka lumi, e maloʻo nā mea kanu.
Ke make nei kekahi mau ʻano o ka nematode inā pau ka lepo. Hiki iā lākou ke luku ʻia e ka pālahalaha ʻana i ka lepo i nā ʻāpana palupalu a hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka maloʻi maikaʻi.
No ka hōʻalo ʻana i nā meaʻino i nā mea kanu loko e ka nematodes, mai hoʻohana i ka ʻāina māla no ka lāʻau kūlohelohe. Ma mua o ka hoʻohana ʻana, pono e ʻili a hoʻokele paha ka honua.
Hoʻolohe E hoʻohana i ka mana nui e pepehi ai i nā nematode pono e hoʻohana me ka akahele, no ka mea, he mea make nui lākou a hiki ke weliweli.
E hakakā i nā ʻōnaehana kūleʻa a hoʻokā uila. Ke lawe ʻia nei ka luku ʻana i nā nematodes ma o ka wā ka pipi ʻana i nā mea kanu 2-4 mau manawa me kahi manawa o 3-5 mau lā me ka hopena o 0,02% o mercaptophos, lindane (rusamine) a i ka phosphamide (BI-58, RAGOR). Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole lākou e pepehi i ka hua i loko o nā membrane chitinous paʻakikī. A pau ka ikaika o ka lāʻau i ka lōʻihi o ka manawa, e kau mai nā lolo.
ʻO kekahi ala e hoʻopale ai i ka nematode ʻo ka hana wela wela. ^ E Ha yM. Hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka mea kanu ʻia mai ka lepo, ua holoi ʻia nā aʻa mai ka lepo mai. A laila e hana i nā aʻa, a ma ka pōkole e hoʻopau i ka mea kanu āpau, e ʻauʻau i ka wai ma kahi wela o 50-55 ° C. ʻO kēia hopena pākahi kekahi o nā pono kūpono loa e pili ai i ka mālama ʻana i nā hua make paki, no ka mea ʻO ka ea wela e hāpai i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nematodes he 18-24 ° C, a ma nā wela ke kiʻekiʻe o 50 ° C ua make ka nematode.
Mālama kēia wela no nā mea kanu, a hoʻopau maoli nō i ka luku ʻana i nā pōpoki.
ʻO ka mauʻoi loa e hoʻololi i nā nohona noho ola ʻo ia ka nematode hua manu. ʻAʻohe data paʻa i ka lōʻihi o ka hōʻike ʻana i ka wela: he 5 ka 20 mau minuke.
Pehea ka paʻakikī o ka ʻauʻau wela i hōʻike ʻia ma luna nei, hiki i nā mea āpau ke noʻonoʻo. Nui nā mea aloha i nā hihia like me nā maʻi lāʻau e kahi nematode e wili wale i nā aʻa. Mālama i ka mea kanu lāʻau ikaika nui no ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā aʻa hou. No laila, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka mālama ʻana.
Pono e hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o nā mea inu e pili ana i ka verkema-rusamine i ka lepo. E hoʻomaʻemaʻe hoʻomaʻamaʻa ka hākele o kēia mau hana i kahi hōʻiliʻili nui.
Pehea ʻoe e kaua ai i kēia hahau? E hauʻoli mākou e hoʻolohe i kāu mau ʻōlelo hoʻolaha i nā ʻatikala i loko o ka ʻatikala a i kāu Forum.
