Nā maʻi maʻi me ka maʻi ākea o nā kumulāʻau

Māhele 1. Nā maʻi ulu a me nā maʻi o nā hua lāʻau
Māhele 2. Ka pale ʻana i kahi lāʻau ʻōleʻa mai kahi maʻi maʻi
Māhele 3. ʻO nā pōpoki Apple - nā hana hoʻomalu

Hoʻopau nā lāʻau Apple - kahi hana mana. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka waiho ʻole ʻana o ka wā o ka pua o ke kumulāʻau e hoʻomāinoʻaka ʻia i nā waimaka inā ua lilo maoli ka māla i ka wā kauwela. Pane ʻia nā hua maʻi maʻi i lalo o nā lei o nā lāʻau. I nā makahiki me ka poino epiphytotic i nā lāʻau, a hiki i ka 90% o ka hua make.

ʻO nā lāʻau nui o Apple, e like me nā mea kanu mahina ʻē aʻe, e ʻike ʻia e nā ʻano o nā maʻi he 3: fungal, bacterial a me viral. Hoʻopili ia, i kēlā me kēia makahiki he nui ka nui o nā lāʻau i loko o nā māla e hōʻeha i ka hōʻino ʻana i ka ʻenehana ʻana i ka mahiʻai ʻana o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka loina, wai a me nā kūlana wela, a me ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka pale i nā maʻi a me nā pōpilikia E ʻike ʻia ka ʻenemi a me ka pono o ka ʻenemi, a laila ʻo ka hakakā ʻana no ka hua ʻai e pāpale ʻia me ka lanakila me ka ʻole o ka hōʻino i ke ola o ka ʻohana a me nā holoholona. ʻO kahi ʻenemi maʻamau no ka mahiʻai i ka hana hōʻino i nā hana mālama holoholona.

Hoʻokomo ʻia ka bakera ma luna o ka lāʻau lāʻau. © ʻO Sebastian Stabinger

ʻO nā hana agrotechnical aoao no ka mālamaʻana i nā hua horticultural

E mālama ʻia ka māla ma lalo o ka ʻaina a i ʻole kalala ʻia. Hoʻoponopono ka ʻōnaehana huakaʻi ma kahi o nā maʻi a me nā pōpoki hōʻiliʻili.

I kēlā me kēia makahiki i ka wā e ulu ai a me ka hopena, pono ia e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā wahi kokoke i nā ʻāpana mai nā lau i hāʻule, nā hua a me nā ʻōpala. E luku ʻia nā hua lāʻau. Kahi ʻia nā lau o nā lāʻau olakino i loko o nā lua wai a hoʻohana ʻia no ka mulching.

Hoʻopilikiaʻia nā lāʻau Apple i ka rust mai ka juniper maʻamau. No laila, ʻaʻole hiki ke kau ʻia nā mea kanu juniper i kahi kokoke i ka māla.

I ka wā e hāʻule ai, ma hope o ka hāʻule ʻana o nā lau, pono ia i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ke ʻano o nā pua a me nā lālā lae. Hōʻemihola huakaʻi, hoʻokuʻu i ka lei i lalo o ka maʻi, maloʻo, ulu a ulu i loko. E hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ke kumu a me nā pihi a nā ʻōpala kahiko.

Pono e pani pono i nā hollows, nā mākeke me nā mea kākau kūikawā me ka hoʻohui o nā hoʻomākaukau lāʻau lapaʻau. E pena i nā wahī nui i hōʻoki ʻia me ka peʻe a i ʻole nā mea pale like ʻole.

Lawe ʻia ka hānai ʻana mai Pepeluali a Malaki, i ka hoʻomaha a nā mea kanu (ʻaʻohe wai kahe).

I kekahi mau manawa i hoʻokahi makahiki (ʻaʻole wale nō i ka pūnāwai a me ka lohi) keʻokeʻo i ka ʻōpala a me nā kuʻekuʻe me nā ʻōnaehana hou i mākaukau ʻia i nā lau ʻala hou i hui ʻia me ka pālolo, keleawe keleawe, keleka, fungicidal a me ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka bactericidal.

I ka hāʻule, ma mua o ka eli ʻana, e hoʻopili i nā maniua phosphorus-potassium a disinfect i ka lepo e hoʻohana ana i ka keleawe keleawe, ammonium nitrate, a me nā huahana bi. Inā kalapa ʻia ka māla (ʻaʻole i ʻeli ʻia), a laila e hoʻomoʻi i nā luawai 5-10 ma ke kihi o ka pāpale, hoʻopiha i kahi ʻano o ka palaka, uhi ʻia me ka turf a me ka wai.

I ka wā e ulu ana i ka pūnāwai, e hānai i nā kumula lāʻau me nitroammophos, ma ka helu o 50-100 g i ka lei. Hoʻopilikia i nā microfertilizer i kēlā me kēia makahiki.

I ke kauwela (pono maloʻo) pono ka wai i ka liʻiliʻi o 2 mau manawa. Ma hope o ka inu, hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka lepo a i ʻole me ka pā.

Hoʻopilikia i nā maʻi

ʻO ka pohō o ka lāʻau āpau e hoʻomāhele ʻia e nā fungi pathogenic. ʻO ka mycelium a me kāna pua i ka hoʻoilo i loko o nā lau hāʻule, maʻi huaʻai, ma nā kīleʻa a me nā hollows. Hoʻomaka ka nui o nā mea kanu, nā ʻāpana o ka mycelium i ka wā wela o ke kauwela, e hopu ana i nā wahi olakino o nā mea kanu a me nā ʻano mea kanu. ʻO nā maʻi ākea ka maʻi ākea ka popopo hua, wēwī i kāwili ʻia, ʻeleʻele a me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe o ke kanesa, scab ,ust, brown brown cytosporosis.

Nā hōʻailona o ka maʻi

ʻO kēlā me kēia ʻano o nā pakanā he mau hōʻailona ʻokoʻa a me nā waiwai, hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia e like me ka hōʻike ʻana o nā hōʻailona o waho. Hōʻike ʻia ka pōʻino i ke ʻano o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻē aʻe a ʻulaʻula a i ʻole ka ʻulaʻula, ka melemele, nā wahi maloʻo, ke waiho ʻana i ka keʻokeʻo hina. Huli lākou i ka melemele, curl, kāpae i ka ulu ʻana. Kahi nā hūnā ʻokoʻa i nā hua, ulu. Hoʻomaka ka ʻili o ka hua i ke pala a lilo i palaʻa, i uhi ʻia me nā nāʻili. Hoʻopau nā huaʻai i nā lālā a hāʻule. ʻO nā kūlana maikaʻi loa no ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā maʻi fungal he mahana, kūmole ke anuanu.

Ma ka home, makemake mau ʻoe i ke kanu i kahi ʻano kai olakino, no laila e manaʻoʻiʻo kekahi poʻe māla e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻole ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau loa. Akā, ke hewa hewa kēia ala, ʻoiai ma hope o kekahi mau makahiki, ʻaʻohe mea e koe mai ka māla ke koe i nā lāʻau maloʻo maloʻo a maʻi ʻole paha. Pono ʻia nā ʻano pale i loko o ka māla. I kēia mau lā, hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā mākaukau olakino ma ke kumu kūlohelohe - hoʻohana maikaʻi ʻia ka microflora e hoʻopau ai i nā fungi pathogenic no nā hana lapaʻau. He hōʻino maikaʻi loa kēia mau lāʻau a hiki ke hoʻohana maoli i ka lā ma mua o ka hōʻiliʻili.

Ua paʻi ʻia kahi lāʻau lāʻau e ka ʻaka.

ʻEnehana huahana huahana

I ka hōʻulu ʻana, ma ka lei aliʻi o ka lāʻau paona a ma ka pūnāwai ma mua o ke ala ʻana mai ka hoʻomaha hoʻoilo, lawe mākou i ka pīpī uliuli me ka hopena o 2-3% o keleawe keleawe.

I ka pūnāwai, ma mua o ke kāwili ʻana, kāʻili ʻole i ka lepo me ka hopena o ka urea 7% a i ʻole he 10% o ka moleka nitratate. E kāpīpī maikaʻi i ka lepo me nā kahi āpau a ma nā lā 2-3 mākou e ʻeli ai i ka 10-15 cm.

Ma ke kaila pua wana a ma hope aku o kēlā me kēia 7-10 lā, e hoʻomaʻamaʻa mākou i nā kumulāʻau e like me nā ʻōlelo ʻana o kekahi o nā hua ola ʻo Fitosporin-M, Gamair, Integral, Mikosan, Haupsin, Agat-25, Planriz . ^ E Ha yM. Hiki iā lākou ke hānai i ka māla a hiki i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana, a hoʻolōʻihi ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka mākaukau ʻo Planriz i ke ola o nā huahana. I mea ʻaʻole kumu kumu i ka hoʻohui i ka microflora hewa i ka hoʻomākaukau, ua hoʻololi pinepine ʻia ka hua lāʻau biolo i ka wā e hoʻoiho ai i nā mea kanu.

E hoʻomanaʻo! ʻAʻole hōʻalo nā huahana biological i nā maʻi me ka mālama hoʻokahi. Pono ka ʻōnaehana ʻōnaehana o nā lāʻau. Loaʻa ka hopena maikaʻi loa no 2-3 mau makahiki.

Nā hana lāʻau e pale ai i ka lāʻau o ka apple mai nā maʻi ulu

ʻO kekahi manawa ua pilikia ka māla i nā maʻi a ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka hopena i nā huahana biola i nā lāʻau i hoʻopilikia ʻia. I kēia hihia, ua noi ʻia nā hana palekana pale.

Ke hoʻohana ʻana i nā meaʻenehana, e pono e hāpau i nā ana i ke olakino olakino (ka lole lole, nā kīwī, nā aniani, ke poʻo. Ma hope o ka hana, holoi a kou alo a me nā lima me ka umauma a i ʻole ka ʻauʻau.

Nā hana ʻepekema

Hoʻomaka mākou i nā hana palekana i ka hāʻule. Ma hope o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā mea kanu, nā lau hāʻule i nā lau a me nā huaʻai, hoʻohana mākou i ko ka hoʻōla liʻiliʻi ʻana i nā kumula lāʻau me 3% hopena o ka keleawe keleawe.

I ka pūnāwai, ma mua o ka pua e wehe ai i ka lei, hiki iā ʻoe ke hou i ka peʻe uliuli a hoʻohana i kahi hopena 1% o DNOC.

Ma kahi o ka keleawe keleawe a me DNOC, hiki iā ia ke pīpī i ka pāpale, a me ke kuʻi a me ka lepo o nā trunks, me kahi hopena o nā minerala mineral no nā manaʻo pale. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa maikaʻi mākou i ka lei i kahi 5% urea hopena, a me ka lepo me ka hoʻonāʻana o 7% kaʻe. Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i kahi hoʻonā 10% o ka ammonium nitrate a i ʻole ka hopena o 15% no ka ammonium sulfate e mālama i ka ʻoki a me nā lālā lae. Ma hope o kekahi mau lā, pono e hoʻopili ʻia ka lepo i mālama ʻia me ka hohonu o ka 10-15 cm.

I ke kaʻina o ka hua uliuli o nā pua lau, ma mua a ma hope o ka pua ʻana, mālama ʻia ka lei e 1% ka wai o Bordeaux. Mālama ʻo ka wai o ka Bordeaux i nā lāʻau mai ka ʻalā, moniliosis, puliki ʻōpala a me nā maʻi ʻē aʻe. ʻAʻole ia i loko o nā hoʻomākaukau mea hona, no laila e ʻae ʻia e mālama i nā lāʻau me kāna hopena ma hope o ka pua ʻana.

Hoʻomaka mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā ʻōnika ʻulaʻula, mālama ʻia nā hua lāʻau āpau i kēlā me kēia 2-3 pule e like me nā ʻōlelo aʻo me Horus, Flint, Skor, Strobi, Rayek. I ka wā kanu, oki ka pīpī. Hoʻomoe ʻia ka mālama ʻana ma hope o ka mahina ma mua o ka hōʻiliʻili a i ʻole ma ka hoʻonohonoho hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā hua.

E hoʻemi i ka lawe ʻana i ka nui o nā mea lapaʻau, hiki i ka hoʻololi ke mālama i nā lāʻau me nā tank wai i loko o ka ʻōnaehana pale, me ka nānā mua i ka hoʻohālikelike o nā hoʻomākaukau.

ʻO nā maʻi maʻi a me nā ʻenehana pale

ʻO nā maʻi ka puʻupuʻu liʻiliʻi loa o nā mea o ka protein, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia i loko o kahi mikroscope maʻamau, akā nui ka maikaʻi no nā mea ola. Lawe ʻia lākou e nā pōpilikia i ka wā e hana ana i nā ʻenehana kanu makamae (hōʻuluʻulu), ka wai, a me ka makani.

Nā hōʻailona waho o ka maʻi

I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻolauna ʻana i ka maʻi, ʻaʻole e ʻike ʻia kāna hana luku a ke hoʻomau nei ka mea kanu ma ke ʻano he olakino. ʻO ka hōʻike ʻana o ka maʻi ma nā maʻi o waho he like ia me kahi maʻi fungal. Kūpono nā ʻōmole ma nā lau, nā hua hoʻohālike. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka manawa, ua ʻōlelo ʻia nā ʻokoʻa. Hoʻokaʻawale nā wahi i nā lau i loko o kahi hiʻohiʻona mo ka hiʻohiʻona ʻōmaʻomaʻo-melemele a me nā aniani. Hoʻomoe nā ʻāpana Deschlorinated o nā lau i lilo i ka necrotic, hāʻule i nā lau i ʻoki ʻia. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia, hoʻomalaha nā pua, nānā ʻia. E lilo nā lālā maʻa palupalu, gutta-perchy, maʻalahi i lalo o ka ukana o ka hua. Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā pua nani a me nā inflorescences, loaʻa nā ʻano maikaʻi ʻole. I ka wā ulu ʻana o ka pūnāwai, ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā ʻāpana o nā pua dwarf a i nā lau a i ʻole nā lau o kahi ʻano ʻokoʻa a ʻokoʻa ʻole i ke ʻano i nā ʻaukā ʻōpiopio. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā pūpū o nā pua momona a nā wīwī i nā lālā kahiko. Kūleʻa ka hua, hana ʻia nā ʻano palupalu a me ka ulu ʻana, pau i ko lākou ʻono, a hāʻule nō hoʻi.

ʻO ka hōʻike o ka mottling i ka lāʻau maʻa

Nā hōʻike hōʻike o nā maʻi maʻi maʻi i ko lākou mau inoa. ʻO nā maʻi maʻi maʻamau loa o ka lāʻau o ka huaʻomaʻo: mosaic, hōkele i ka hōkū o ka hua, panicle (paleka ʻo ka witch), rosette, proliferation a i ʻole nā palupalu o nā mea kanu a me ka uluʻana (hewa)

Nā hana ʻenehana ʻoi aku ka pale ʻana i nā maʻi maʻi maʻi

ʻAʻohe mea lapaʻau e hoʻopau ai i ka maʻi ma ke ʻano he hopena o nā maʻi. No laila, ʻo nā hana koʻikoʻi nui ka ʻenehana ʻoihana moʻomeheu o ka moʻomeheu.

Hoʻohālike nā hana Agrotechnical i nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia e pale i nā maʻi maʻi. E makaʻala akahele i ka wā e hana ai i kēia hana aʻe.

Pono e hana ʻia ka mea kanu i ka wā pau loa nā lāʻau (Pepeluali).

I ka wā kanu, pau nā mea maʻi a pau o ka mea kanu a me ka lāʻau ma kahi āpau e luku ʻia. ʻAʻohe hihia e hoʻihoʻi i ka compost.

Me ka hōʻike o nā maʻi maʻamau loa o ka rosette a me ka paniculata o nā lāʻau meli, pono ia e hōʻemi i ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wā e hoʻohana ana i nā ʻano maʻalahi o ka phosphorus a me nā maniua nitrogen. Hoʻololi i ka mea kanu i nā hana paʻakikī, kahi e waiho ai nā mea uila i ka pae kūpono no ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā hua.

Hoʻomaopopo i nā micronutrients, me ka zinc sulfate i loko o nā lole, ʻo ia hoʻi me ka mea e ʻike ʻia o ka rosette.

Hoʻohana no ka hoʻēmi ʻana i ka phytohormones Epin a i Zircon, e hoʻonui ai i ka pale ʻana o nā mea kanu i nā maʻi. He maikaʻi nā lāʻau lapaʻau me nā mea pale. ʻAʻole lākou e ho'ōki i ka maʻi hoʻomohala.