Hoʻomaka - ʻike ʻia kēia mau mea lāʻau i nā mea a pau - aia i loko o kēlā me kēia māla, a i kekahi manawa ua kipa ʻia kahi ʻano nui iā lākou. Hoʻōla nā ʻolua ma ka māka ākea a i nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo. I kekahi mau makahiki, hiki i ka mea hānai ke loaʻa i kahi hua maikaʻi o ka ʻōmato, a me nā manawa ʻē aʻe, kokoke like nā hua āpau ma nā lālā e hoʻomaka koke e pehu, a ʻike ʻia ke hana nei ka māla hale i nā mea āpau, akā mau ka pilikia. No ke aha e hana nei a i nā mea e hana ai me kēia lā, i kēia lā mākou e hoʻāʻo e kau.
No ke aha e lau ai nā ʻōmato ma kahi lālā?
Pehea e pau ai ka maʻi o nā hua kamato.
He mea maopopo ke mālama nei mākou i ka pōʻino, a ke palupalu ʻaʻole wale nō ka pōʻino o kēia manawa: spores winter maikaʻi i ka lepo a hiki ke hōʻike iā lākou iho i ka makahiki e hiki mai ana, a huli hou i ka hua, a hala paha me kahi hoʻopaʻi.
ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻo ka malapila i hōʻoli ʻia e nā maʻi e like me ka popa hope, alternariosis, vertex rot, a me kekahi hoʻi o nā ʻano maʻi maʻi bacterioses. I ka hapanui o nā hihia, aia kēia mau maʻi i ka hua o ka ʻoma, akā aia nā koe inā hiki ke hoʻopilikia ʻia ka maʻi i ka lau, a laila e hoʻopuka ana i kahi pālua ʻelua - hoʻomālamalama i ka photosynthesis, a i kekahi manawa ua hele mai ka maʻi i ka lālā o ka mea kanu, a laila hiki ke make loa i loko o kahi mau lā.
ʻO ka pinepine, hele ka ʻōpū mai kahi ʻāina i hoʻopili ʻia, hiki ke hoʻoili ʻia e ka ea, a i ka wā o nā hana ʻōmaʻomaʻo me nā lāʻau, i ka wā, me ka ʻole o ka mālama ʻana i ka mea hana me ka wai ʻaka, e neʻe ka mea mālama mai ka mea maʻi mai kahi maʻi hānai, no laila hoʻopilikia ʻia.
Ua maʻa ka mea e ulu ana nā mea kanu ma ka lepo maikaʻi, a me ka ʻike i ka nele o ka wai a i ʻole kekahi ʻano mea kanu i ka lepo e hoʻomaka i ka hōʻeha ma mua o ka mea, ʻo ia hoʻi, me kā lākou pale haʻahaʻa. Ma keʻano kūikawā, nā mea kanu e ulu ana ma nā lepo, kahi i loaʻa ka hewa nui o nā mea like e like me ka calcium a me ka pākio, kahi ʻike ʻole ʻia ka loli ʻana, a i ʻole nā lula o ka ʻenehana ʻana i ke kīhāpai, ka pā ʻia i ka hua kīnā.
Phytophthora - ke kumu nui o ka pala o nā kamato ma ka hāmama
ʻO ke kumu nui ka loloa. I ka hoʻomaka, liʻiliʻi, ke ʻike mau ʻia me nā ʻeleʻele ʻiliʻele ʻili e ʻike i nā hua o kahi ʻōmato, a hiki ke ʻike mai nā lau a me ka ʻōpala, a hiki koke i nā lau, ʻōpala a me nā ʻoma.
I kekahi mau lā ma hope, ma ke kumu o ka hua kamato, hiki ke ʻike maʻalahi me ka maka hilo i kahi ʻeleʻele, pinepine ka ʻulaʻula, ke ulu nei ia i kēlā me kēia lā, e kikoʻi ana i mua o ko mākou mau maka, e uhi ana i ka hapa nui a me ka hapa nui o ka hua.
I kekahi mau lā, e huli ka maka o kēia ʻano a i ka wā e hele ai, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻae ʻana i ka hua no ke kumu maʻalahi a hiki ke kīwī kekahi.
ʻO Phytophthora ke kumu nui o ka pala o ka hua a kamato ma ka hāmama.
Aia ma lalo o ke ʻano ka ulu ʻana o ke kala.
Paipai nui ʻo Phytophthora i nā wā a i ʻole mau ʻāpana o ka manawa e ulu ana, inā kiʻekiʻe nui ka ea a me ka lepo, ua hiki iā ia ke ua no nā liʻiliʻi o nā manawa i ka hebedoma, ʻaʻole hoʻi e piʻi ka wela ma luna o ka iwakāluakū Celsius.
Aia nā hanana ʻē aʻe: inā loli ka ua a me ka pākū i ka maloʻo a me ka wela, a laila e lohi loa ka pōkole i ka ulu ʻole hou, ʻaʻole e ulu hou, a ʻo nā wahi i hoʻopono ʻia o nā hua kamato e hōʻeke paha;
E kūʻē i ka popo hope, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā fungicides i apono ʻia a ʻae ʻia no ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia manawa o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka hua kamato.
Mai poina e waiho mau nā kīmona o kēia maʻi ma ka lōʻihi o ka papa o ka lepo, no laila e mālama i ka lepo me nā fungicides ma mua o ke kanu ʻana i nā hua kanu ma ke kahua.
Kāohi ʻana phytophthora
Ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana e hakakā i ka blight lohi, hiki iā ʻoe ke ho'āʻo e pale iā ia mai ke ʻano ʻana i kāu mea kanu. No ka laʻana, kahi prophylaxis maikaʻi loa ka mālamaʻana me nā bio-fungicides o nā mea kanu i kanu ʻia ma hope o 12-14 lā i kahi hana mau.
Kūlohelohe, ʻaʻole poina mākou e pili ana i ka wai o Bordeaux, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i kāna ʻōhua o ka 1% a mālama mua iā ia i 10 mau lā ma hope o ka hoʻololi ʻana, a laila - 20 mau lā ma hope o ke hoʻololi ʻana.
Hoʻohana nā poʻe o nā lāʻau kūlohelohe i kahi infusion o ke kāleka, no kēia i loko o kahi wai o ka wai āu e pono ai e hoʻomoʻa i kahi aniani o nā ʻōpū maikaʻi o ke kāleka a me ka hoʻokaʻa maoli ʻāhaʻi o ka potassium permanganate. Pono e ʻae ʻia kēia ʻano i ka hoʻopono no ka lā, a laila kānana, hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻelua i ka wai a me nā mea kanu ke mālama ʻia i hoʻokahi manawa i ka hebedoma a hiki i ka nalo ʻana o ka maʻi.
E like me ka mālama ʻana, pono ia e hānai i nā mea kanu i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai me ka potate pālio a me ka superphosphate i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia maikaʻi i loko o ka wai i ka nui o 5-6 g no kēlā me kēia wai o ka wai. ʻAʻole hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka Superphosphate i ka wai, no laila e pono e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai hoʻolapalapa, a laila ninini i ka ʻano i loko o ka wai.
No ka hoʻoikaika nuiʻana i ka pale kino o nā mea kanu, i kēlā me kēia manawa, a i hoʻokahi manawa i ka pule, pono lākou e mālama ʻia me ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o ka ʻano Epina.
Pehea e hana ai me ka puna ʻala i nā hua kamato?
Inā aia ka phytophthora i kēia manawa, pono e hōʻiliʻili i nā hua ʻai brown a waiho iā lākou no ka ʻūhū ʻana, inā ʻaʻole pā ʻia, ʻoiaʻiʻo, a hoʻāʻo e hoʻopakele i nā mea i pili ʻia e ka mālama ʻana me ka wai o 1% Bordeaux, e hoʻāʻo ana e kiʻi i ka pūpū o ka maʻi.
Hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻia ka hana ʻana i ke ahiahi, ma hope o kahi lā wela. ʻO ka wai o Bordeaux, ma ke ala, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i ʻekolu lā ma mua o ke koho ʻia ʻana o ka hua, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o nā fungicides e hana hou ʻia, pono ʻoe e heluhelu e pili ana i kēia ma ka ʻōwili.
Ma kahi kokoke i ʻole e ʻōlelo ʻia e pili ana i nā bio-fungicides: no ka laʻana, ʻo kā lākou pono inā ʻaʻole lākou a i ka manawa pōkole loa mai ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka ʻai.
ʻO ka hoʻōla ʻana i nā tōmato e pili ana i ka loloma.
Ka pala o Vertex - ke kumu nui o ka pala o nā huaʻai kamato ma ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo
I loko o ka haleʻai, ʻo ka vermin rot he pōpō maoli maoli nō o nā hua kamato; e alakaʻi ana nō hoʻi i ka ʻoka o nā hua kamato i ka hapa nui o kēia mau mea kanu.
ʻO ka mea mua, ʻike pinepine nā wahi brownish nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo o nā hua ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ke ulu wale lākou i kēlā me kēia lā, e hoʻomāhuahua ana i ka laulā me ke kūkulu ʻana o ka hua. Inā ʻoe e kiʻi i kēia hua a hoʻopaʻa ʻia i kou mau lima, e kaomi aku i ka pulpula, a laila ma lalo o ka ʻili e ʻike ʻoe i ka ʻalupalu nui ʻana ʻole i ka ʻano o ka hua ʻōmato - ʻo ia ke ʻano o ka mea ua kuhi ʻo ia nā mea āpau a nui loa ia a ʻaʻole kūpono i ka meaʻai. Ke waiho nei ʻo ia wale e hoʻolei iā lākou.
Ma ke ala, nā hua meli i pā ʻia e ka apical rot pinepine lākou i ka hōʻike ke hiki iā lākou ke lawe iā lākou i ka ʻōpala: me kahi maʻi ʻino, ʻike ʻia lākou no ka lāʻau lōʻihi ma mua o ka wā piha mua ʻana o ka hua.
Akā, ʻike ʻoe naʻe, ʻaʻole ka maʻi ʻomaʻomaʻo ka ʻākala o luna he mau ʻomaʻomaʻo, e like me ka poʻe e manaʻoʻiʻo nei, ʻo ka pinepine o nā maʻi e kū nei ma muli o nā kuhi me ka hoʻōla ʻana i nā mea kanu kamato, a me nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe.
Eia kahi mea āu i hōʻea aku ai i ka dacha no hoʻokahi lā wale nō a ʻike ʻoe ʻo ka ʻāina ma kahi o ka māhala e ulu nui ai ka ʻōmole, a ʻāʻī paha paha. He aha kāu e hana ai? ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, koke koke, e like me ka hiki, e ninini i ka lepo ma lalo o nā kumulāʻau e hoʻi hou iā ia i kahi pae maʻamau o ka humuhinu. ʻAʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke koho i kēia: mai ka nui o ka umauma, hiki koke nā hua i ka nui, ʻaʻole kū ka peel ma ko lākou poʻo, e hāʻule kahi maʻi i loko a e hoʻomohala ka ʻōwili apical.
ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole paha ke kumu o ka maʻi o ka kamato me ka lau o luna ka māla ʻana, no ka laʻana, ʻo nā mea kanu e ulu ana ma luna o ka paʻakai a i ʻole ka wai paʻakai, ma ka ʻāina kahi he nui o ka puna o ka calcium a i ʻole, he mea nui aʻe paha o ia ʻano mea e like me ka nitrogen, ua ʻeha ʻia kahi maʻi like.
Kūʻai ʻo Vertex i nā hua o kamato.
E hakakā ana i ka vertex rot ma kamato
I ke kūleʻa i luna o nā pala i nā hōʻailona mua loa, pono e mālama i nā mea kanu i ʻelua mau manawa me ka calcium nitrate, i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka hoʻokahe o 0.4%. I kēia hihia, kūpono pū ka calcium sulfate. Pono e lūlū ʻia i loko o kahi nui o 8 g i loko o kahi pahu o ka wai a kāwīwī pono ʻia i kēlā me kēia mea kanu, e hoʻopiʻi hou i ka mālama ʻana ma hope o hoʻokahi pule.
ʻOiaʻiʻo, mai poina e pili ana i ka lihilihi ʻana, ʻaʻole pono nā lāʻau e hoʻonui, a hoʻohana wale i nā ʻano huaʻai hou he nui ka palekana, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka pale ʻana i kēlā mau maʻi.
ʻO nā kumu maʻamau o ka pala a me nā ʻōmato kamato, a me ka ʻaka ākea
Alternaryosis
ʻO ke kumu maʻamau loa e kuhi ʻia ai ka ʻōpala ma kahi lālā i nā mea kanu i ʻelua ma ka papa ākea a ma kahi hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo e hoʻomaka i nā pala i ka alternariosis. ʻO kēia maʻi kēia, a me ka pathogen ka hoʻomaikaʻi wale ʻana i ka nui o ka wela, ke kū ka mālama ʻana o waho o ka puka ma ka 26 i ka 31 kiʻekiʻe ma luna o zero.
Ma ke ala, pili pinepine kēia maʻi i ka ʻōmala e ulu ana ma nā ʻaoʻao hema o ko mākou moku, eia naʻe naʻe, ke ulu pū nei nō hoʻi i kekahi mau makahiki i ke kaona waena. Hoʻoulu koʻikoʻi ʻo Alternaria ma waena o Rūhū inā hele pinepine a nui ka hau, i ka ua aniani akā maʻalahi ia, akā, no ka manawa lōʻihi, ʻo ia hoʻi, ua paʻa ka lewa me ka pulupulu ke kū ʻia i ka lewa.
Hiki ke loaʻa nā hōʻailona mua o kēia maʻi ma nā hua melemona piha. Hoʻokahi wale kekahi e nānā i kahi i ke kula, me ka mea e hoʻomaopopo ʻoe i ka manawa mua he nui liʻiliʻi, a laila e māhuahua i ka nui, nā wahi polu pōkole. Inā ua nui ka ua i kēia manawa a nui loa ka hina, a laila lawe i ka hua pāmato ma kou mau lima, hiki iā ʻoe ke manaʻo e like me ka velvet, like me ka peach. I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua uhi piha kēia hua i nā spora, ʻo ia, i ka wā a lohi a ʻili ʻoi i ka makani, e lele lele ma kahi o nā ʻokoʻa like ʻole, e hoʻopiʻi ana i nā hua kamala e kokoke ana.
I ka manawa like, hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā wahi ma nā lau i waiho ʻia ma lalo iho o nā mea kanu kamato. ʻO ka liʻiliʻi, nā liʻiliʻi o nā wahi ma lalo o nā lau, a laila e hoʻonui maoli lākou i kēlā me kēia lā a uhi i ka hapa nui o ka lau, nullifying i nā kaʻina o ka photosynthesis a me ke kumu a me ka make a me ka nalowale o nā ʻula lau.
Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻomālamalama me ka alternariosis me ka wai lāʻo Bordeaux e like me ka hakakā ʻana me ka pōkole ʻala. Akā inā makemake ʻoe i ka alternariosis e pili ʻole ma kāu pūnaewele, a laila e nānā i ka ʻoki ʻana i ka hua, mai palalī i nā mea kanu, hakakā ka lau, hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka ʻāina a hoʻohana i nā ʻano huaʻai hou a hou i hoʻonui ʻia i ka pale ʻana, a, no laila, kūʻē i nā maʻi he nui . ^ E Ha yM.
ʻO ka maʻi maʻi
E hoʻomaka ʻoe me nā bacterros necrosis, a i ʻole he hollow, a me ka necrosis paha o ka waena o ka hope. Hoʻomaka ia me nā hua kīkē o ka māhala, inā ʻoe e nānā pono iā lākou, hiki ke ʻike iki i ka ʻupena keʻokeʻo, a ma luna o kēlā mau hua ua maikaʻi, a nānā i ke akahele ʻike hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i kekahi mau apo kala i ka wahi i hoʻopili ʻia ai ka hua. Inā e hōʻoki ʻia kēlā hua, e kahe mai ke ao mai loko mai o ia mea, a, i ka holoʻokoʻa ʻana, ʻaʻohe maka iki o ka pulp i loko.
He mea kupaianaha nō inā ʻoe pā wale i ka fetus i hoʻopili ʻia, e hāʻule koke nō ia, i kahi manawa hāʻule o nā hua i hāʻule ʻole ʻia mai ka puka ʻana mai. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, pono e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kēlā mau huaʻaina mai ke kahua a puhi ʻia a i ʻole hele ka ahulau i ka lepo.
I ka manawa like, nā lau o nā mea i hoʻopuni ʻia, maʻamau e hoʻomaka me ka muli loa, ka poʻe e kū ana ma luna, hoʻoikaika maikaʻi, a i kekahi manawa me ka ʻaʻohe o ke kala. Inā nānā ʻoe iā ia, a laila ma ka lālā o ka tōmato ma kahi o ke kiʻekiʻe o 20 cm hiki ke ʻike i nā wahi brownish. Ma hope o kekahi mau lā wale nō, kolo ka hua a me ka mea like me ka pēpē a me ka mucus paha e puka aku mai waho aku.
ʻO nā maʻi bakiola nā maʻi maʻamau no ka tōmato a me ka hamama, a me nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo.
Nā maka ʻeleʻele
ʻO kahi maʻi ʻē aʻe e kolo pono ai ka ʻōmato ma nā lālā, ʻaʻole he mea koʻikoʻi kahi e ulu ai nā mea kanu i ka ʻāina ākea a i ʻole e pale ʻia.
Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā hōʻailona mua o ka maʻi inā e akahele pono, hiki i ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi aniani hoʻonui nui, e noʻonoʻo i nā wahi ʻulaʻaha ʻeleʻele-nui i nā lau. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, aia kekahi mau lā wale nō e hala a nui loa kēia mau wahi, a laila huli a ʻeleʻele ia - e hoʻomaʻemaʻe ia i nā conidia, e mākaukau e lele i nā wahi lōʻihi a hoʻopili i nā hua kokoke.
Ma nā huaʻai, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i ka pīhoihoi mua, e like me ka puna o ka ʻaila, ʻona a loaʻa ka pūka ʻuʻuku, manaʻo nui ka nui o kēia mau wahi i mea hoʻowahāwahā.
I mea e pale ai i ka hiki ʻana mai o kēia maʻi, ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻomānoʻa i ka kanu ʻana, pono ʻoe e hoʻohana i ka rotation hua. Hoʻomaka ʻo ka maʻi ma ke ʻano he mau manawa ikaika a ka ua liʻiliʻi a me ka ua liʻiliʻi ʻo ka makani, i ka wā e lele kaʻawale nā spora no nā lōʻihi lōʻihi.
Inā ua hana mua ka bacteriosis i kona ala i ke kahua, a laila ʻo ka manawa pinepine wale nō ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā mea kanu mai ka māla e kōkua. I nā hana mua o ka mea kanu e hiki ke mālama ʻia me Oxychoma, kūʻai ʻia i nā papa. Hoʻokahi hoʻokahi papa mo kahi pānao wai, a me ka hopena - no ka nui o nā lāʻau i hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻomaʻū maikaʻi, ua hoʻōla iā lākou mai loko o kahi pāhaʻi wai. Ma hope o kekahi mau pule, hiki ke ʻōlelo hou ʻia ka lāʻau.
Mea nui: "Oksikhom" hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻomōhala i ka hua i ʻole ma mua o ʻekolu hebedoma ma mua o ke ʻoki ʻana.
Ma hope o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i ka hua holoʻokoʻa, pono e hoʻokaʻawale i nā kihi kahiko, nā lau a me nā hua mai ka pūnaewele.
Hoʻohālikelike No laila, ua kuhi mākou i nā kumu o ka pohō ʻana o nā hua kamato ma nā lālā, a pehea e pale ai i kahi kaʻi o kahi maʻi, pehea e mālama ai i nā mea kanu. Hoʻonui hou ʻia kēlā me kēia makahiki i ka hakakā ʻana no kekahi mau maʻi, akā pono ʻoe e makaʻala me kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana a inā hiki, ke hoʻohana i nā mea kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa.
