Nā moku nui e holo ana mai ʻAmelika Hema a Eulopa, e like me nā pīkī nui a ke kai, e kiola ʻia ana i kahi pahu. ʻO ka poʻe a pau i loaʻa i ka liʻiliʻi iki i ko lākou pale kino i ke ʻano o nā lā. Akā ʻo ka pōʻino e hoʻopiʻi ʻino ana ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe: ʻo ka hapa nui o nā poʻe kipa a me nā poʻe holo kaʻa, ʻeha nui ka ʻeha ʻana i kekahi maʻi ʻike ʻole.
ʻAʻohe o ke kūlana o ka mokulele kaulana loa - ʻo ka Viceroy o Peru, nāna i hali ke inoa o Don Luis Geronimo Cabrera de Vobadilla Count Cinghon. No kekahi mau makahiki i alakaʻi ʻo ia i kekahi o nā kolepa nui loa o Sepania - Peru, a i kēia manawa i ka hope o 1641, luhi i kekahi maʻi maʻi pohihihi, hoʻi ʻo ia i ka home i Sepania. Maʻa maʻi kēia maʻi. I waena o nā kākela waiwai nui i hoʻopiha i ka paʻa, ua hopohopo nuiʻo Viceroy no ka nalo o ka paona palaha nui, ʻoi loa ka ihi, e like me ka poʻe Indians kūloko, hoʻopōlohi ʻia nā maʻi maʻi. Ma ke kumukuai o na mohai nui hele aku la ia i ka Viceroy, oia ka mea mua o ko Eulopa noho ana i ia waiwai. Me kēia lāʻau, ua hoʻopili ʻo ia i ka manaolana o ka ho'ōla mai ka maʻi ʻino. Akā makehewa, luhi i ka hana kaumaha, ua hoʻāʻo ʻo ia e kāwā i ka ʻawaʻawa, ka ʻā ʻana o ka waha: ʻaʻohe kanaka i ʻike i ka hoʻohana ʻana i kāna mau hōʻola.
He lāʻau Quinch, CinchonaMa hope o kahi huakaʻi lōʻihi a paʻakikī hoʻi, ua hiki i kahi moku kolohe hewa i Sepania. ʻO nā kauka kaulana kaulana o ke kapikala a me nā kūlanakauhale ʻē aʻe i kāhea ʻia i ka mea maʻi. Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke kōkua: ʻo ka mea huna i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lāʻau hoʻōla i loaʻa iā lākou. No laila, makemake nui nā kauka e mālama iā Cinghon me ka ʻelemakule, akā naʻe, ʻaʻole pono nā mea, e like me ka lepo o ka mummmaʻAmelika. Ua make ʻo Cinghon i ka maʻi kalepona, hōʻino ʻole e lawe pono i ka lāʻau i lawe ʻia mai i nā poʻe Native.
ʻO ka mea mua i ʻike i ke ʻuhane o ka lāʻau ma Peru, ʻo ia nā sneaky, ubiquitous Jesuits. I ka hana ʻana i ka pauku antimalarial mai ka ʻili kumu, ʻaʻole lākou i lohi i ka haʻi ʻana i nā mea kapu. Na ka Pāpā nei iho, ʻike ʻo ia i mea he waiwai nui a he kumu kūpono hoʻi o ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i nā mea hilinaʻi, hoʻomaikaʻi aku i nā ʻatikala o ka ʻekolika Katolika a ʻae iā lākou e hoʻomaka me ka manaʻo pākahi. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole hoʻomaka ka poʻe kauka e hoʻohana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau hou: ʻaʻole naʻe lākou i ʻike maopopo i kāna mau waiwai a i ʻole ke ʻano o nā noi.
ʻO ka maʻi hoʻomāinoino o ka maʻi maʻa e pāholo hou aʻe a puni ka Europa a hiki i ʻEnelani. ʻOiai i kēia manawa ua hoʻonohonoho pono nā mea pōpilikia o Iesuit iā lākou iho i kahi ala maikaʻi i ka hakakā ʻana i nā malaria hoʻokūkū maʻamau, akā ʻaʻohe kumu Pelekania e mahalo iā ia iho, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ka mea hiki ke hoʻohana iā lākou. ʻO wai lā ka mea e hopohopo e lawe i nā paura o Iesuit i loko o ka lewa o ka huhū i ka honua holoʻokoʻa i nā mea āpau a pau e pili loa ana i ka papacy i inaina ʻia i ka puni ʻEnelani? ʻO ka mea alakaʻi nui i ka ʻōlohelohe bourgeois Pelekane, ʻo Cromwell, ka mea i maʻi me ka maʻi maʻi, kū ʻole ʻo ia e lawe i kēia lāʻau lapaʻau. Ua make ʻo ia i ka malaria ma ka 1658, ʻaʻole i ʻike i ka manawa e ola ai ka manawa.
He lāʻau Quinch, CinchonaI ka loaʻa ʻana o ka maʻi malaria ma nā kikowaena nui catastrophic i kekahi mau'āina, ua ulu nui ka inaina o ka nui i loko o ka Iesū i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe. Ma ʻEnelani, no ka mea, ua hoʻomaka ka hoʻopiʻi ʻia i ko lākou manaʻo no ke kīleʻaleʻa i nā poʻe Katolika āpau me ko lākou puʻupuʻu, me ke ʻano o ke aliʻi, ka mea i maʻi ʻē a i ka maʻi maʻi kino mau. Pau ka hemahema a pau o nā kauka a ka ʻaha kaukau ʻana. Kēia hōʻole ʻia nā ʻōlelo noi a nā maka aliʻi Katolika no ke kōkua.
Uhe koke kekahi mea i manaʻo ʻole. Aia a ʻike i kahi mea hoʻōla ʻole, ʻike ʻia kekahi kanaka e hoʻōla i ke aliʻi. He mea kupanaha nā hopena: i loko o ʻelua pule wale nō, ua hoʻōla ke aliʻi i kahi maʻi ʻino ma o ka lawe ʻana i kekahi lāʻau lapaʻau ʻawaʻawa me kahi kīʻaha ʻekolu mau hola. ʻAe hōʻole ʻole ke kauka maalea kilokilo i ka haʻi ʻana i ke ʻano a me ke kumu o ka hoʻōla. Eia naʻe, hauʻoli ka mōʻī, hoʻoikaika koke, ʻaʻole i koi i kēia. Hoʻopakele ʻia mai i kahi maʻi maʻi, hoʻomaikaʻi nui aku i kāna mea hoʻopakele a hāʻawi iā ia i ka inoa o Haku a me Royal Healer ma o ke kānāwai kūikawā. Eia kekahi, ua hāʻawi ʻo ia iā Talbor e mālama i nā maʻi ma nā ʻāina āpau.
Ka ʻike o ka hili ʻana i ka pailele holoʻokoʻa āpau, ʻoiai loa he kauka i ka ʻaha aliʻi. ʻAʻole hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokau me ka kaulana nui o ke kauka hou. Ua makemake wale ʻia nā mea āpau e mālama wale ʻia ma Talbor. ʻO ke aliʻi Farani hoʻi i hoʻouna iā ia i kahi kono e hele mai i Palani e mālama i kona kanaka a me ka ʻohana aliʻi āpau no ka malaria. Ua kūleʻa ka hopena o ka hopena i kēia manawa. ʻO ke ola hou ka mea lanakila nui loa no Talbor, akā naʻe, ua hoʻomau ʻo ia e mālama i kāna hūnā. Aia wale no i hāʻawi aku ai ke aliʻi o Palani i ka poʻe ʻoihana akamai ma 3000 mau kālā kālā, he penikala ola lōʻihi a ua ʻōlelo ʻole ʻaʻole ia e hōʻike i ka mea huna a hiki i ka make ʻana, ua hāʻawi ʻo Talbor. Ua hoʻohuli ʻo ia i kona mālama ʻana i kāna mau mea maʻi me ka mea ʻē aʻe ma mua o ka pau ʻana o ka pauku Jesuit i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka waina. Ua peʻe ʻo ia i kēia ʻoiaʻiʻo mai ke aliʻi Pelekane, ʻoiai ua ʻike ʻo ia ua ʻowale ʻo ia i kona poʻo.
Akā, ua hope, hiki i ka manawa i pau ai ka hana hoʻōla mana e lilo he monopoli o nā kānaka ponoʻī. Ua hoʻokūʻē ʻo ia iā ia iho ʻo ia wale nō ka mea pono hilinaʻi ma ka hakakā ʻana me ka maʻi hōʻeha. He mau haneli, ʻumi haneli o nā ʻEulopa i ka maʻi weliweli me ke kōkua o ka lāʻau hoʻōla o ka lāʻau ma Peru, ʻaʻohe mea maopopo i ka lāʻau. ʻO ka poʻe Spaniards nāna i noho ma ʻAmelika Hema a loaʻa kahi monopoli ma ka hāʻawi ʻana aku o nā huahana Peruvian i Europa ʻaʻole i loaʻa i kona wahi.
He lāʻau Quinch, CinchonaʻO ka poʻe mākaʻāina ʻāina, i kēia manawa ua maopopo loa i nā ʻāpana o nā mea lanakila. ʻO ka hōʻiliʻili o ka "kin-kin" kāwili ʻia i nā ʻanā mau kānaka pono (ʻo ke ala, ka inoa o ka lāʻau quinine a me ka alkaloid i haʻalele ʻia i kāna ʻili - mai ka kinin mai mai nā Kupa. Ua aʻo aku nā nū kahiko i ka ʻōpio e kōkua i ka malaria e kipaku aku i nā mea uʻi maoli ʻole inā ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke hoʻopau i ka mea huna o ka lāʻau cinchona.
Me ka hōʻike o ka mea huna o nā lāʻau lapaʻau o ka cortex, ua launa hou lākou, a me ia aʻe, ua lilo i kālepa kālepa maikaʻi no lākou. Ma ke ala, he nui nā moʻolelo e pili ana i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o kēia mea huna, akā hōʻike pinepine ʻia kekahi o lākou i kahi ma mua. Ua hāʻule ke aloha ʻo Young Peruvian me kahi koa Spanish. I kona wā i maʻi ai me ka maʻi maʻi a ua lilo kona kūlana, ua hoʻoholo ke kaikamahine e hoʻopakele i kona ola me ka lāʻau hoʻōla. No laila ua ʻike ka koa, a ua hōʻike i ka mea huna o ka poʻe nūhou no ka uku nui i kekahi o nā misionari Jesuit. Ua wikiwiki lākou e lawe i ka koa, a lilo i ka mea lilo i kumuhana o kā lākou kālepa.
No kekahi manawa lōʻihi, ʻaʻole i hoʻopōmaikaʻi ʻia nā hoʻāʻo ʻana e ka poʻe ʻEulopa. ʻO ka makahiki 1778 wale nō kekahi o nā neʻe Farani holomua, ʻo La Kondamina ka mea i ʻike i ka lāʻau hindu ma ka ʻāina Loksa. Hoʻouna ʻo ia me kahi manawa i kahi wehewehe pōkole e pili ana i ia mea a me kahi koina ʻo ka mea kanu lāʻau i ka ʻepekema holookia Sweden ʻo Karl Linnaeus. Hoʻohana ʻia kēia me ka kumu no ka noiʻi ʻepekema mua a me nā hiʻohiʻona huaʻai o ka mea kanu. ʻO Linnaeus ka inoa ʻo ia ʻo Cichona.
He lāʻau Quinch, CinchonaNo laila, ua ʻoi aku ia ma mua o hoʻokahi haneli mau makahiki no nā mea ola o nā puʻuwai o Count Cinghon e hope loa ʻia. Me he mea la i ka hoowahawaha o ka viceroy maʻi hewa, ua kuhikuhi ʻia kona inoa i ka lāʻau milana Peresia.
Ua hoʻokō ʻo La Kondamina e hoʻopihapiha i nā hua pua o ka lāʻau cinchona, akā make lākou ma ke ala e hiki ai i ʻEulopa.
ʻO ka lālā ʻōpio o ka holomua Farani, ka mea ʻāpopole ʻo Jussieu i hoʻoholo ai e noho ma ʻAmelika Hema e aʻo i ka kiko o ka hindu. I nā makahiki he nui o ka hana kaumaha, ua hiki iā ia ke hoʻokūkū ʻo ka lāʻau e ulu wale wale ana i nā pali, hikiwawe a i nā pihi o Andes, e piʻi ana i ka mauna a hiki i 2500-3000 mika ma luna o ke kai. Ua hoʻokumu mua ʻo ia, aia kekahi mau ʻano o kēia lāʻau, no ka pilikino, ʻulaʻula, ʻulaʻula, ka melemele, a me ka cichon hina.
Ma kahi o 17 mau makahiki, e lanakila ana i nā pilikia he nui, ua aʻo ʻo Jussieu i nā ua ulu o ʻAmelika Hema. Ua ʻohi ʻo ia i ka waiwai nui o ka ʻike ʻepekema no ka lāʻau pohihihi. Ma mua aʻe o ka haʻalele ʻana i ka home, ua nalo aku kāna kauwā ma kahi o nā mea noiʻi. Mai ka pīhoihoi i ʻike ʻia, hele akula ʻo Jussie i ka lapuwale a make liuliu ʻole ma hope o kona hoʻi ʻana i Farani. No laila ua ho'āʻo hou kekahi mea e hoʻonā i ka mea huna o ka lāʻau ma Peru me ke kaumaha. ʻO nā ʻenehana waiwai maikaʻi loa i hōʻiliʻili ʻia e ka ʻepekema hana nalowale me ka loaʻa ʻole o kahi kikoʻī.
Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole e hoʻonāukiuki i nā moʻolelo tragic e pili ana i ka ʻimi no ka lāʻau cinchona. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka hopena kaumaha ʻo Jussieu i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia XIX e ka hui o nā ʻōpio ʻōpio, ikaika a me ka Viceroyalty o New Granada (Colombia hou). Hana ʻo ia i kahi waiwai nui i ka ʻepekema o ka mea pohihihi: aʻo iā ia i ka kikoʻī kikoʻī i nā wahi o kona neʻe ʻana, hōʻiliʻili i ka wehewehe kikoʻī kikoʻī, a hana i nā palapala a me nā kaha kiʻi. Akā no ke kaua ʻana o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka poʻe kānaka o Koloramu ua hōʻea aku nō i ka mea hoʻokani Paniolo. ʻAʻole ʻo ke keʻena ʻepekema ʻōpio i kū ʻole mai kahi hakakā maikaʻi. I loko o kekahi o nā kaua ʻo 1816, ua hui ʻia ka hui holoʻokoʻa, me kona alakaʻi, ko ka puʻuwai talenino ʻo Francisco Jose de Calda i hoʻopio ʻia e nā aliʻi aliʻi a hoʻopaʻi ʻia i make. Ma ka makehewa paha, hopohopo e hopohopo nei no ka neʻe ʻana o kā lākou hana ʻepekema, noi no kekahi manawa e hōʻoki i ka pepehi ʻana i kā ka luna alakaʻi i ka liʻiliʻi o ko lākou alakaʻi: ua manaʻo lākou e hoʻokō ʻo ia e hoʻopau i ka monograph i pau i ka lāʻau. ʻAʻole hoʻolohe nā luna hala i kā lākou noi. Ua hoʻopaʻi ʻia nā ʻepekema āpau āpau, a ua hoʻouna ʻia i kā lākou mea ʻike ʻepekema nui loa i Madrid, kahi i nalo koke ai lākou me ka loaʻa ʻole o kahi pā. Hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia i ke ʻano a me ka nui o kēia hana ma ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka kākau multivolume i hāʻawi ʻia me nā kiʻi 5190 a me nā palapala 711.
He lāʻau Quinch, CinchonaNo laila, ma ka hoʻolimalima nui o nā lilo, a i nā manawa kau, ua loaʻa ka kuleana no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka mea huna o kēia lāʻau, i hūnā i ka hoʻopakele mai kahi maʻi palupalu a me ka hopena pinepine. ʻAʻohe mea kupanaha i ka ʻili o ka lāʻau cinchona ma mua o kona kaupaona ʻana i ke gula. Kaupao ʻo ia ma nā mea kaupaona lapaʻau koʻikoʻi loa, me ka mālama nui, i ʻole i hiki ʻole ke pelu hōʻeha, ʻaʻole hoʻi e nalo i kahi ʻoki. Lawe lākou i ka lāʻau lapaʻau i loko o nā dosis he nui. I ka wā o ka mālama ʻana, pono e hoʻopau i ka mea e 120 mau paona o ka ʻona a inu paha i nā aniani o ka ʻono, hoʻonaninani aila ʻōpala ʻole. ʻO kekahi ʻano hana i hikiʻole i kekahi manawa ke maʻi.
Akā i kahi'āina kahi mamao mai ka ʻāina home o ka cinchona tree, ma Rūsia, ka hopena o ka mālamaʻana i ka maʻi maʻi ma ka liʻiliʻi a me ka hopena maikaʻi loa ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka kīnā ʻole i nā mea i pono ʻole i ka hana i ʻike ʻia. ʻOiai ma lalo o Peter I, hoʻomaka lākou e mālama iā ia me ka lāʻau quinine ma ko mākou'āina, a i ka 1816, uaʻike ka ʻepekema Lūkini F. I. Giza, i ka manawa mua loa ma ka honua, ua mele mai i kahi kumu therapeutic mai loko o ka ʻili - ka alkaline quinine. Ua ʻike ʻia aia ma ka cortex, cinnamon, i ka mea ʻē aku i ka quinine, i loaʻa i ka 30 mau alkaloid. Maʻa nā mea maʻi i lawe wale i kekahi mau karamu o ka quinine i loko o nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o ke keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo a i ʻole nā pāpaʻi pāpaʻi. No ka hoʻouka ʻana i ka lāʻau quinine e like me kahi hoʻolālā hou, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻoihana lāʻau lapaʻau.
I kēia wā, ʻo ka hōʻiliʻili i ka ʻili i nā ululāʻau o ʻAmelika Hema, ʻaʻole ia he mea maʻalahi maʻalahi a paʻakikī. Kokoke i kēlā me kēia makahiki, emi ke kumukūʻai a me ke kumukūʻai a quinine. Aia kekahi koi koʻikoʻi e kanu i nā kīʻaha ma nā mea kanu, e like me ka hana hevea.
Akā pehea e loaʻa ai nā hua kanu kōni? Ma hope o nā mea a pau, hoʻomaka nā aupuni o Peru lāua ʻo Bolivia e kōkua i ka mālama ʻana i ka mea ʻike huna o ka poʻe Indiano, i kēia manawa, mai nā kumu kūʻai, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma ka ʻeha o ka make, ua pāpā i ka hoʻokuʻi ʻana i nā hua a me nā mea kanu ma waho o kā lākou mau ʻāina.
He lāʻau Quinch, CinchonaI kēia manawa, ʻike ʻia nā ʻano lāʻau quinine e like me nā quinine. ʻO ka mea nui i lilo i Kalisai cinchona (kumu lāʻau hindu maoli), he mea maʻamau loa i Bolivia.
ʻO ka mea mua o nā ʻEulopa i piʻi aʻe i loko o nā mākeke o kēia ʻāina i ka makahiki 1840, ʻo Weddel ka huaʻāina Farani. Ua ʻoliʻoli ʻo ia i kona ʻike ʻana i kahi kumulāʻau pohihihi me kahi ʻōpala ikaika a me nā lāʻau kālā nani. ʻO nā lau uliuli he ʻōmaʻomaʻo ma ka ʻaoʻao o luna a me ke kālā pale ma ke kua, hoʻohemo, hoʻoheheʻe liʻiliʻi, a like hoʻi me nā ʻōpala o mau ʻulaʻula manu i lele mai i ko lākou mau ʻēheu. I loko o nā lei he mau pua nani, vaguely like a lilac brushes. Ua hoʻokapu malū ka kanaka ʻepekema wiwo ʻole e lawe i kekahi mau hua niu. Hoʻouna ʻo ia iā lākou i nā māla huaʻala o ʻEulopa. Akā, nui ka nui o nā hua i koi ʻia e hana i nā kanu kumulāʻau o kēia lāʻau. Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia ka nui o nā ho'āʻo ʻana no kēia, akā ua pau lākou i ka hāʻule.
Ua hoʻokō ka mana hua olakino e hoʻokō ʻo kekahi o ka kūleʻa, akā uku nui kāna. No 30 mau makahiki i noho ai ʻo ʻAmelika Hema, e aʻo ana i ka lāʻau quinine a manaʻo ʻo ia e lawe i kāna mau hua iā ʻEulopa. No 16 mau makahiki, ua hoʻouna aku ka ʻepekema i kekahi kōmike ma hope o kekahi e ʻimi i nā lāʻau makana a hōʻiliʻili i kā lākou hua, akā ua make nā ʻĀina i kāna mau ʻelele.
Ma ka 1845, ua hope loa ka Luna Hoʻokele: ua hui pū ʻo ia me ka India Manuel Mameni, a ʻo ia ka mea i kōkua nui ʻia. Mai ke wā ʻōpiopio, ua ʻike maopopo ʻo Mameni i nā wahi i ulu ai nā mea he 20 o ka lāʻau quinine, ua wehewehe maʻalahi ʻo ia i nā ʻano ʻōiwi mai kahi mamao a ua maopopo pololei i ka nui o ka quinine i loko o ka ʻōpū. ʻAʻohe make ʻole i ka Hoʻokele ona, a lawe wale ka ʻaha kanaka iā ia. Ua hala kekahi mau makahiki i hoʻopau ai ʻo Mameni i ka ʻohi ʻohi a huki i nā hua. Ma ka hope loa, hiki mai kahi lā, i ka uhi ʻana i kahi mamao he 800 mau mile, ma loko o nā mānoanoa ākea, nā pali pohū ala o nā puʻu Andes a me nā awāwa wikiwiki, hāʻawi akula ʻo ia i kona haku i ka maikaʻi i loaʻa. ʻO kēia ka huakaʻi hope a ke kanaka koa: no ka hoʻi ʻana i kāna wahi, ua hopu ʻia ʻo ia a hoʻopaʻi ʻia ʻo ia e make.
He lāʻau Quinch, CinchonaʻAʻole makehewa ka hana ikaika o Mameni. Ua kanu ʻia nā hua āna i ʻoki ai ma nā ʻāina hou. ʻAʻole liuliu, ua ʻōmaʻomaʻo nā māla ākea o ka lāʻau cinchona, i kapa ʻia ʻo Cinchon Legeriana. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole kēia ka manawa mua i ka mōʻaukala i ka wā i hoʻoili ʻia ai kahi feat i ka mea nāna i hana. Ua hoʻopoina koke ʻia ʻo Manuel Mameni, a me ka lāʻau, ka mea e ʻike aloha ana iā ia i nā ʻāina hou, e hoʻomau i ka lawelawe i nā kanaka.
Pono e ʻōlelo ʻia no nā makahiki he nui ʻo ka maʻi malia iā ia iho no ka honua ʻepekema. Ua ʻike mua nā kauka i nā ʻano o ka mālama ʻana i kēia maʻi, aʻo ia e ʻike i kāna mau ʻano, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ka pathogen iā lākou. A hiki i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kā mākou kenekulia, ua manaʻo ʻia ke kumu o ka maʻi e lilo me ka lewa maikaʻi ʻole, ma ka ʻālepaniiwa "mala aria", kahi i puka mai ai ka inoa o nā maʻi. I ka manawa wale nō i ʻike ʻia ai ka mea kumu kumu maoli o ka maʻi - plasmodium malaria, i ka manawa i hoʻokū ʻia ai (ma ka 1891) e ka mea ʻepekema Lūkini D. L. Romanovsky ka quinine, ua manaʻo ʻia nā mea huna o ka maʻi a me ka lāʻau lapaʻau e hōʻike ʻia.
Ma kēia manawa, ua noiʻi maikaʻi ʻia ka biology o ka lāʻau cinchona, kona moʻomeheu a me nā ʻano o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i ka ʻili ʻo ia, ma kahi o 40 mau ʻano nui hou a i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a wehewehe. A hiki i kēia manawa, ʻo 90 paha o ka nui o ka mālama honua ma ka honua e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia ma ka Java. Ua ʻili ʻia ka ʻili Chinos ma laila, ʻoki ʻoki ʻia mai nā wahi a me nā lālā nui o nā kumulāʻau. I kekahi manawa ua ʻoki loa ʻia nā kumulāʻau mau makahiki he 6-8 mau makahiki, a hoʻohui pū pū ʻia e nā pua mai nā ʻōpū hou.
Ma hope o ka Great Revolution Socialist Revolution, ua ʻike ʻia nā imperialist, ma ke ʻano he blockade ma luna o ka Soviet Republic. I waena o nā waiwai i lawe ʻia i loko o ko mākou ʻāina, ʻaʻole i ʻae ʻia i kēlā mau makahiki. ʻO ka nele o ka lāʻau lapaʻau i hopena ai i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka maʻi maʻi. Ua hoʻomaka nui nā kānaka ʻepekema Soviet e ʻimi i nā ala e lanakila ai ka maʻi maʻi. ʻO ka hana ʻana i ka wai kauā, hoʻomāliʻi i nā loko wai, a me nā kahe me ka pahuhopu o ka luku ʻia ʻana i nā pōpoki e hoʻouna ai i ka malaria. Hoʻomaka hoʻomaka ʻia nā hana ʻē aʻe.
Kālā ʻo cinchonaKe nānā wiwo ʻole nei nā kemika i nā lāʻau synthetic e hoʻohuli ai i ka quinine herbal. I ka wā e hoʻokumu ai i nā lāʻau lapaʻau antimalarial ʻĀina, ua hilinaʻi nā kānaka ʻepekema Soviet i ka ʻike o ka mea noiʻi Lūkini nui ʻo A. M. Butlerov, nāna i ke kenekulia i hala i ke kau ʻana o kahi nukinini quinoline i loko o ka moleki quinine.
I ka 1925, ua loaʻa ka lāʻau mua antiimalarial, plasmoquinine, i ko mākou'āina. A laila, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kahi plasmocide, nona ka waiwai waiwai: ʻo ka mea maʻi i mālama ʻia me kēia lāʻau lapaʻi ua pau ʻole i ka pilikia no ka poʻe ʻē aʻe a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoka hou i kahi maʻi iā lākou ma o ka namu kalaria
Ma hope aku, hana kā mākou poʻe ʻepekema i kahi lāʻau lapaʻau koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi - Akrikhin, ka mea i hoʻopakele piha ai i ka ʻāina i ka pono o ka quinine import maikaʻi. ʻAʻole ia i hāʻawi wale i ka quinine, akā ua loaʻa i kekahi mau pono ma luna ona. ʻO nā ala kūpono e hiki ai ke kāohi i nā maʻi maʻi kūlohelohe i synthesized - half-drins a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau e kū'ē i nā maʻi maʻi maʻamau - choroidrin a choricide.
Ua luku ʻia ʻo Malaria ma ko mākou ʻāina. Akā ʻo kēia mau mea ma hope ma hope. I nā makahiki mua o ka mana Soviet, ʻo ka mana nui ka quinine kūlohelohe, a ua hoʻoholo paa nā huaʻāina Soviet e hoʻoponopono i ka lāʻau i loko o kā mākou subtropics. Akā ma hea a pehea e loaʻa ai nā hua heila? Pehea e hana ai i kahi lāʻau niu e hoʻopau ʻia e nā tropics i kā mākou subtropics e paʻakikī nui ai no ia? Pehea e hoʻokō ai ia e hāʻawi iā quinine ma hope o nā makahiki he nui i ka ulu ʻana o ka lāʻau hōʻola, akā ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki?
ʻO ka hoʻonā i ka pilikia mua ka paʻakikī o ka ʻoi loa o ka hui e hoʻopōmaikaʻi ʻia mai ka hana o ka quinine i hoʻopiʻi i kahi paʻa i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o nā hua niu. Eia kekahi, ma hope o nā mea āpau, ʻaʻole i pono nā hua āpau, akā, ʻo nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo e kūlohelohe loa.
Ua haʻi aku ʻo ka loea haumāna Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov e hiki ke loaʻa ma Peru. ʻO ka uku o kahi mea ʻepekema akamai i hoʻāpono ʻia i kēia manawa: aia ma Peru kahi i loaʻa ai i kāna mea āna e ʻimi nei.
He lāʻau Quinch, CinchonaAia ka māla ma ka puʻu kiʻekiʻe o nā ʻōpū o ka ʻAmelika Hema ʻAmelika Hema. I nā kūlana maloʻo, ʻaʻole i hālāwai ʻo Vavilov i kahi lāʻau hindu. A ʻoiai ʻike ʻo ia ʻaʻole i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kēia ʻano ʻenehana me ka mea nui o ka quinine (ʻoi ʻia ka cinchona palapela nui), ke manaʻoʻiʻo nei nō kēia lāʻau e hiki ai i nā kūpuna lāʻau kinamona i kā mākou subtropics i ulu ikaika i kēlā me kēia hola.
Ke ʻimi nei no ka ʻae ʻana mai nā luna koloni ʻona e nānā i nā mea kanu lāʻau cinch i Peru, ʻo Nikolai Ivanovich ka mea hoʻokahi i lohe ʻia mai nā luna i pāpā ʻia. Inā paha ua haʻalele ʻo ia me kēia mea kanu i ka mea ʻole, inā i ke ahiahi i ka ahiahi o kahi o kona haʻalele ʻana e nānā ʻole mai ka mea kipa i loko o ka lumi - i kekahi kanaka makua ʻAmelika e hana nei i ka kanu. Ua noi ʻo ia no ka kipa hewa ʻole ʻana a ua ʻōlelo mai nei e hiki mai ana e hāʻawi i ka mea naʻauao Lūkini i makana makana mai ka poʻe limahana o ka mea kanu hinned. Ma kahi o nā mea kanu o nā mea kanu hoihoi loa, nā ʻola lāʻau, ka lāʻau, a me nā pua o ka lāʻau cinchona, hāʻawi ʻo ia iā Nikolai Ivanovich i kahi ʻeke me ka huaʻala "lāʻau lāʻau" i hoʻopili ʻia i ka pepa mānoanoa. Ma ka ʻike ʻana i ka nīnau a ka mea noiʻi, ua ʻōlelo ka malihini, "Ua hana hewa mākou i ka palapala: pono e heluhelu ʻia e like me ka lāʻau hindu. Akā, ʻo kēia kuhihewa no kēia mau ... no nā haku."
Aia ma Sukhumi, i paʻi ʻia i ka paukē i ka launa, ua ʻike ka mea ʻepekema i ke kino piha piha o ka huela. Ua haʻi ka moʻolelo i ʻāpono ʻia lākou mai ka lāʻau kahi i huki ai i ka mea hoʻokūkū Lūkini.
Ua holomua nā hana o ka hoʻokūkū mua. A laila ua hoʻohana lākou i kahi ʻoihana ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka loea o ka ulu ʻana i nā kinamona - ʻokiʻoki ʻala. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā noiʻi noiʻi kemu ua loaʻa i ka kinamona ka quinine i loko o ka lāʻau wale nō, akā i ka lāʻau, a hiki i ka lau.
Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki i ka hiki ke hoʻoikaika i ka lāʻau cinchona e ulu i loko o kā mākou subtropics: ʻo nā mea āpau e ulu ana i ka wā o ka pūnāwai a me ke kauwela pau loa. ʻAʻole hoʻi ke hoʻopiʻi ʻana i nā ʻāpana, ʻaʻole hoʻi he meaʻai kūikawā no ka pupuk, ʻaʻole hoʻi e pale ai me ka lepo a i ʻole kapa hau hau. ʻO ka hāʻule i ka mahana i +4, +5 degere kahi mea hōʻeha i cichon.
A laila ua noi ʻo N.I. Vavilov e hoʻohuli i ka lāʻau paʻai i lilo i ka mea kanu lāʻau, e ulu ai ka wā i ke kauwela wale nō. I kēia manawa o nā pūnāwai ma nā mahina o Adzharia, ua ʻōmaʻomaʻo nā lālani pololei o nā lāʻau niila. I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana o ke kō, ua ulu nā mea kanu ʻōpio me nā lau nui a kokoke i hoʻokahi mita kiʻekiʻe. I ka hopena o ka hopena hemo, ua miki nā mea kanu quinaceous, e like me ka palaoa a me ka lā ulu i ka wā silage. A laila, hoʻouna ʻia nā ʻōpala hou me nā lau niu no ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana, kahi mai lākou i kālai ai i kahi lāʻau hou anti-malarial Soviet - hinet, ʻaʻohe mea iki e hopohopo loa iā South American a i ʻole Java quinine.
Pēlā i hoʻoponopono ʻia ai ka mea huna hope o ka pāmaʻi.
Nā pilina i nā huahana:
- S. I. Ivchenko - Buke e pili ana i nā kumulāʻau
