"Ke hele nei ke ala o ko mākou ola ma nā hua waina," wahi a nā Roma kahiko.
ʻAʻole ka poʻe mua o ka meleniuma i kēia mau ala.
Ma ka waena o ke kenekulia 20, ua noho ka māla waina o ka honua i kahi ʻāina e ʻoi aku ana he 10 miliona mau kaikahana. Hele ka ʻumi mai ko mākou ʻāina. A he mau puke i mālama ʻia no nā hua waina! ʻO ka hapanui o lākou he paʻa i ka leo a ma ka hana maikaʻi me ka paʻi ʻana, nā mea e mahalo ai ka honua. Hoʻokahi wale nō “Ampelography o ka USSR” (ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻatikala like ʻole o nā hua waina) he 10 mau haʻalulu kupanaha, a he nui nā memelographs o Georgia, Armenia, Crimea, Moldova. A paʻi ʻia kēlā me kēia pākahi, me ka kākau ʻana o kekahi o kā mākou huaʻai, ʻaʻohe ʻano o nā lāʻau kanu kanu ʻole, kēlā me kēia ʻano i hōʻike ʻia i nā kala i loko o ka kikoʻī, me ka aloha a me ka hana.
Nā hua waina (Nā hua waina)Pau nā hua waina i nā miliona o nā kānaka i hou, kahi kēnā, ma ke ʻano o ka waiʻaila a me ka pulela, jam, ua waina. ʻO nā tausani o nā mea hoʻohui a me nā mea hana i hoʻopili ʻia i kāna hoʻoili ʻana, ʻo nā haneli he mau haneli o ka kolamu a me ka loina i kālai'āina. ʻO nā kaukani he mau kaukani kūikawā e pili ana i nā ʻepekema kūikawā e pili ana i nā hua waina - ampelography, ampelology. Agronomists, hana nā ʻepekema i noiʻi ʻepekema. A no kēlā mau mea āpau, ua hōʻoiaʻiʻo ka poʻe loea i nā hua waina i waena o nā mea kanu liʻiliʻi.
ʻO ka ʻohana ʻohana o nā hua waina he 10 mau genera a me nā ʻano 600. Noho ka ʻ representativeslio o kēia ʻohana nui i nā wao nahele, nā awāwa, nā pali kai kokoke i nā ʻāina āpau o ke anawaʻe, nā subtropics a me nā ʻeleʻele. Maanei ʻoe hiki ke ʻike i nā holoholona hihiu he ʻekolu wale nō o ka ʻohana māla huaʻala: nā hua waina, nā hua waina a me nā pā waina.
ʻO ka mea mua o kēia mau genera ke komo pū ʻia nā mea kanu i kēia manawa i loko o kahi māla mahiʻai. 5000 mau ʻano hua waina i hele mai i hoʻokahi ʻano ʻano huaʻai - nā hua waina i kanu ʻia, a i ʻole ia e kapa ʻia ana, he mau hua waina maoli, a i ʻole nā hua waina. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i hoʻokō ʻia ka ʻāina nui o kēia ʻano lahui. Manaʻo kekahi poʻe ʻepekema i ke kūpuna nā mea kanu i nā hua waina e ulu nei i nā hua lāʻau ulu, i kēia manawa e ulu ana i nā ulu lāʻau o Moldova, Crimea, ka Caucasus, a me Central Asia. Ke makemake nei nō hoʻi kekahi e manaʻoʻiʻo he ʻano haua wale kēia o kona mau kūpuna pau ʻole. Hoʻokahi mea hoʻokahi: ʻo ka hana ʻana i nā hua waina i ulu ʻia ma ka Honua Mua a ua nui nā mea hihiu ʻAmelika ʻaʻole i lawe i kekahi o kēia. Akā, hāʻawi i nā ʻōiwi ʻAmelika i kahi kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa o nā ʻano hua lāʻau.
Nā hua waina (Nā hua waina)ʻO nā kaukani he mau kaukani. Ua haku ʻia nā moʻomanaʻo nui, nā pūlima, nā ʻōlelo nane, ua hana ʻia nā ʻōlelo e pili ana iā lākou. Aia kekahi ʻōlelo lōʻihi lōʻihi o ka Ukrainian: "Berry Wine - meaʻai maikaʻi." ʻO nā hua waina i hīmeni ʻia e nā waha. ʻO Rudaki, Avicenna, Omar Khayyam, Shota Rustaveli, Sergey Yesenin, Rasul Gamzatov - ʻaʻole ia i hoʻomaikaʻi wale i ka waina a me nā haku i ulu i nā hua waina ma ka ʻāina.
Loaʻa nā hua lāʻau i loko o nā mea i kūkulu ʻia ai ma Switzerland; ma ka Hikina Hikina, ua hānai ʻia iā 7-9 tausani mau makahiki i hala. Ma Suria, Palestine, Asia Minor, Hellas, Aikupito, ua piha nā hua waina mai ka hoʻomaka o ka noho paʻa ʻana i kēia mau ʻāina. 3500 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua kaulana loa ka viticulture a me ka winemaking no Mesopotamia, ʻAsuria, a ma hope iki paha - Armenia.
Mai ka wā he mau manawa, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā hua waina i loko o nā waina a me nā papaʻaina. ʻO nā māla waina no ka waina ma kekahi mau ʻāina he kahiko ma mua o ka papaʻaina. ʻAʻole mālama ʻia nā ʻano o ka waina i kekahi manawa kiʻekiʻe i kekahi manawa nui i kekahi manawa.
ʻO ka ʻenemi ikaika a keu loa, ʻo ia nō ka Islam, ka mea i papa ʻole iā ʻoe, e like me kāu e ʻike ai, e hoʻohuhū ana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka waina. ʻAʻole pāpā ʻia ke kanu ʻana i nā ʻano uaina i loko o nā waiwai a nā kūpuna o nā kūpuna o Islam wale nō, akā naʻe i nā ʻāina kahi i hiki ai iā lākou ke hoʻokaʻawale i kā lākou mana. No laila, ua ulu wikiwiki ka winemaking ulu ma Sogdiana me ka hōʻea ʻana o nā ʻĀrani i nā pala, a laila nalowale loa me nā hua waina. Akā ʻaʻohe kumu kala kala. ʻO ka luku ʻia o nā ʻano waina maikaʻi he nui i hoʻopili ʻia o nā ʻano pākaukau maikaʻi o ka papaʻaina, me nā ʻano kīmī (me nā hua a me nā mea hānai). Ua hele a hope loa ʻo Helene i ke kenekulia 16, ma Korinto, a ua ala aʻe i ka kinkinka kaulana.
Nā hua waina (Nā hua waina)Hōʻikeʻike nui ʻia ka ʻikena a me ka winemaking i nā hana o ka hana kahiko, e hoʻomanaʻo mau ʻia no ka hoʻohālike ʻana, ka nui o nā moʻi nui o ka moʻomeheu ʻAigupita ma Thebes, Benny Hassan a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā mea punahele punahele o nā mea kākau kahiko o ʻAigupita ʻo ia ʻo amphora waina. ʻO ka hana o ka hana ʻana i ka waina ka mea e wehewehe pono ana i ka hale kupapaʻu o Ptahhotep no ʻAigupita, i noho i 2500 mau makahiki ma mua o ko mākou wā.
Ma ka ʻāina o nā pharaohs, aia kahi ʻano maʻamau i hōʻike i ka poʻe inu inu ʻole i ka waina. Ua paʻa ʻia kahi hana hoʻowahāwahā lāʻau i ke alo o nā malihini, me ka palapala: "E nānā mai ʻoe a e wikiwiki hoʻi i ka ʻoli ʻana, no ka mea ma hope o ka make, e like ʻoe me aʻu."
Kūpono ʻia nā hua waina a me nā mea inu waina i ka moʻo Helene a pau. ʻO kekahi o lākou e wehewehe kikoʻī aku i ke ola helewa o ke akua o ka waina a me ka winemaking - Dionysus, ke keiki a Zeus. Hāpai ʻo Dionysus i ka honua me ka leʻaleʻa, aʻo ia i ka poʻe i ke ʻano o ka mahi ʻana i ka hua waina a hoʻohuli iā ia i ka waina ʻulaʻula. Akā aia ka pilikia me nā akua. Ke hoʻopuni ʻia nei ʻo nā ʻaoʻao e ke kaʻe o Dionysos i hōʻā ʻia e ka aliʻi Thracian Lycurgus. ʻO ka holo ʻana, ua hoʻolei ʻo ia iā ia iho i loko o ke kai, a e like me ka maʻamau mau i nā moʻolelo Helene kahiko i ʻike ʻia me ka puʻuwai o ke kai Thetis.
Teen Dionysus, Guido Reni, 1615-20Ua wikiwiki ʻo Zeus Manaʻo e kōkua i kāna keiki: ua hoʻopōʻo ia iā Lycurgus, a hoʻopaʻa iā ia i kahi lāʻau. Mai ka waimaka ʻeha o ka Lycurgus poino ʻole, ʻōlelo ka moʻolelo, ua ulu nui ka ʻōpala, kahi i hoʻohālikelike ʻia ai i nā māka me nā mea punahele punahele o Dionysus - hua waina.
ʻAʻole pau ka hele ʻana o ke akua hauʻoli. Ua haʻi ka moʻolelo hou pehea, ke kiʻi hou ʻana ma hope o kahi stampede mai Lycurgus, huli ʻo Dionysus i nā peke moana i hopu pio iā ia i loko o nā mālama, a ko lākou moku i loko o kahi māla momona e ʻala nui ana. ʻO Icarius ke kahuhipa, nāna i hāʻawi iā ia i akua, hāʻawi ʻo Dionysus i ke kumu waina, a no laila ua kū mua ka hua waina i Attica.
Ua nui ka huakaʻi nui ma mua o ka make ʻana o Dionysus, i hakakā me Zeus e kūʻē i ka Titans. Hoʻopuka ʻia ʻo Athena i ke kahua kaua, a kāʻili ʻo Athena i kekahi puʻeha make, a ua hoʻāla koke ʻo Zeus i ke ola i loko ona. Mai ia manawa mai, ʻōlelo hou kekahi ʻano hoʻoilina Hellenic, ʻo ke kūlohelohe kupaianaha i pakele ai i ka māla moku e ka Dionysus. ʻO ke kiʻi ʻia i loko o nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi, ua maʻalahi ia i loko o kēlā me kēia ʻāpana. ʻO ke koko o ka Dialysus lōʻihi e ninini ana i loko o nā hua o nā hua waina, a ua maʻalahi ka poʻe i nā hoʻopili ʻana mai ka hua waina i kahi kīʻaha hanohano - ka waina.
Nui nā moʻolelo nani i haʻi ʻia e nā Helene kahiko e pili ana i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā hua waina. Ka mea, aia ke akua o ka waina a ua ʻohi a Dionysus, aia he ʻōpala o nā hua waina, akā ulu lākou ma nā lālā nui, no ka mea, ʻaʻohe māla. A laila ua hoʻoholo ʻo Dionysus e hāʻawi i kāna keikikāne aloha ʻo Ampel i kahi hulina momona nui. I ka manawa like, hāʻawi ʻo ia iā ia i kahi manawa e lawe ai i kahi makana iā ia iho, aia ma ka lālā lōʻihi a ʻilihune o kahi elm kiʻekiʻe loa. Ke hoʻāʻo nei e hopu i ka makana, ua hāʻule ke kanaka ʻōpiopio ʻino mai kahi lāʻau a ua pohā a make. Ua kanikau ke akua akua e make i kona make i ka wā lōʻihi a, i ka hoʻoholo ʻana e hoʻomau i kāna holoholona, ua hoʻohuli i kona kino kūlohelohe i ke kumu kū maikaʻi i nā hua waina. A mai ka ʻuhane o Ampel, ua hana ʻo Dionysus i kahi hōkū hou ʻo Vineyard, e waiho ana i ka lewa i ka constellation Virgo. ʻ ,lelo ka poʻe Astronomers i kahi hiʻohiʻona ʻē aʻe o ka puka o nā hōkū, akā ua hōʻoia kēlā me kēia me ke ʻano o ka hōkū ʻo Vinodematriks (Vinogradnitsa), a, inā pono, e hōʻike nō ia i ka lani a i ʻole ka hōkū hōkū.
Nā hua waina (Nā hua waina)I ka mōʻaukala o nā huaʻina waina, ua hoʻomau ʻole ʻia ka inoa o ke kanaka ʻilihune. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo Dionysus i ka mea hana milana "ampelos", a ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka ampelology a me ka ampelography i ko lākou mau inoa mai ka ʻepekema.
Nui nā moʻolelo a me nā moʻomeheu e pili ana i nā waiwai o nā hua waina a me kona kumu i hana ʻia e Georgia a me Uzbeks, Slavs a me Moldavians. Akā naʻe ʻaʻole lākou e hāʻawi i kahi manaʻo ʻoiai e pili ana i ka home o ka lā Berry lā. ʻO kēia ua ʻili ʻia e ka ʻepekema o ke botany, a ua hiki i kēia manawa ke hoʻokau nei i nā kikowaena ʻekolu o nā ʻano kumu no nā hua ʻai i hana i kēia manawa. ʻO ke kikowaena koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi loa ʻo Euro-ʻAsia, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hapa nui o Kina a me ʻAmelika ʻAmelika.
Nā hua waina - kahi o nā mea kanu kahiko loa, i hoʻoponopono ʻia i ke kaʻina hana o ka ulu ʻana i ka manawa like i ʻekolu mau ʻano hoʻomana ponokala: poll-iho, pollination e ka makani a me nā mea hihiu. Ua hoʻokū ʻia nā ʻano hua waina kahi i hana ʻia ai ka wā koho a me ka hōʻohi aʻa ʻole me ka wehe ʻana i nā pua pua. Kēia ʻano ʻano like ʻole o nā hua waina i ka clanatamam botanic, ʻo ia hoʻi, nā mea kanu anthrax.
Nā hua waina (Nā hua waina)E like me kāu e ʻike ai, aia ke ʻano waina he ʻano o ka adaptintils me nā mea e hoʻopili ʻia ai i nā kākoʻo. Aia a hiki i ka 13th abad, hoʻokumu ke kanaka ʻepekema Kelemania Albert Nui ka hana o ka antennae ma mua o nā mea e hoʻololi i nā hua o nā hua waina, a puka lākou ma luna o ka lāʻau e kū pono ʻole ai i nā lau a, me ke ʻano he kānāwai nui wale nō ma ka ʻaoʻao luna o ka pana. 700 mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua hiki i ka botanist Soviet kaulana ʻo P. A. Baranov ke wehewehe i ke ʻano o ka mea kanu. I ka wā mua, ua ʻōlelo ka ʻepekema, ʻaʻohe hua waina nā hua waina, ʻaʻohe antennae, a ulu nui i nā wahi ākea. Akā me ka humidification o ke aniau, nā kūpuna o nā hua waina, i ka manawa i loko o ka ululāʻau, i hoʻoponopono ʻia i nā kūlana hou, e hoʻololi iki i loko o ke kumu waina a i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me nā puʻupuʻu ʻumi.
Ma ka ulu lāʻau, ʻike mua ʻia nā hua waina e nā kānaka, ʻoiai ʻaʻole like lākou me ka like ʻole e like me nā mea kanu o kēia manawa. I ka lōʻihi o nā manawa, ua loli nui nā hua waina: ua hoʻihoʻi hou kekahi kanaka i kekahi manawa o kona ulu ulu ʻana, ua hoʻoneʻe iā ia mai ka nahele aku e wehe i nā wahi loloa. Ma kēiaʻano ua hānai ʻia i ke ʻano o nā mea kanu maʻamau - nā lāʻau, a ma ke ʻano o nā pua, a ma nā mea hehi palaoa, a me nā ʻano o nā waina lōʻihi ma nā pā, nā hale a me nā ʻano hana like ʻole. Kēia mau mea a pau i miliona mau makahiki o ka hana o nā miliona miliona. ʻAʻole hoʻi i kū ʻole ke ʻano mana loa.
I ka mahele ʻana i nā hua waina a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka helu o kāna mau ʻano, nui ka hana a ka lāhui civila kahiko, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo Roma ka mea i hana i ka moʻomeheu o nā hua waina mai ka Haka Hellas. I ka wā mua, ua lilo ka waina, e like me ka papa o Pliny, he mea inu ʻawaʻawa loa, a ua koi ʻia ʻo Romulus, ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu iā Roma, e hoʻokuʻi iā ia i nā mohai waiū, akā ma hope o nā makahiki he nui ua lilo ʻo Italia i ʻāina waiwai loa me nā hua waina. ʻO ka mokuʻāina ʻo Roma, ʻo Ravenna hoʻi, he nui nā māla waina ʻaʻole i hānai ʻo Hannibal i nā lio ʻōpō o kāna pūʻali koa nui i ka wai, akā me ka waina maikaʻi loa o Roma. Hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo ka poeta Virgil i ka pau ʻana o ka hana hua waina.
Nā hua waina (Nā hua waina)Mai Roma, komo ka viticulture i ka hema o Palani a hiki i Sepania. Ua lawe ʻia ke kumu waina i ʻEulopa ma o Crimea a me ke Kaiʻula e nā poʻe Helene kahiko. Ua mālama ʻo Kherson i kahi ʻōpala i loko o ka monumona i kekahi o nā lanakila lanakila mua o ka Crimea - Agasiklu.
Hōʻike ʻo Herodotus, ka mea i kipa iā Scythia i ka makahiki 5 o BC, ua komo nā mea noho o ka lalo o ka Dnieper - borisphenites. ʻO ka mōʻaukala kahiko o ka kanu ʻana i nā hua waina, nā mea ākele nui loa i Kievan Rus, hiki ke kiʻi ʻia i nā wahi ʻākau.
Ma hope koke iho, ua hoʻomaka ʻia nā hoʻāʻo e ulu i nā hua waina i ka palena o Moscow, i ka kenekulia XVII, ma aneʻi, ma ke kauoha a Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, ua kau ʻia ka māla mua. Ua ulu ikaika ʻo ia i ka hana haʻahaʻa a kona makuakāne ʻo Peter I, a laila ua hoʻomaka ʻia ke kumukūʻai ʻana mai Farani a me Hungary. I kēia manawa, ʻaʻole mākou e haʻi aku i nā wahi nui e noho ʻia ana e ka hua waina, ma ka ʻaoʻao o ke kaohi ʻana he mau tausani kaukani like ʻole, kahi e pili ana i ka 1200 he koho home.
ʻAʻole poina nā kūpuna o nā nahele ulu o ka ʻula nani. E mālama pono i ko lākou mau ʻāina i nā wahi a me nā paka, a me nā amateurs ma nā balconies a me nā puni.
Nā hua waina (Nā hua waina)Me ka pilina pili loa, he mau ʻānō a me nā mea i hānai ʻia i nā hua waina, ʻoiaʻiʻo, e like me nā ʻano like ʻole o kēlā me kēia ʻano. Inā ʻaʻole i like ka ulu ʻana o nā holoholona hihiu i kēia mau hale i ka lepo a me ka mālama, kanu nā ʻano i nā ʻano hua like ʻole i hana nui i nā ʻano hua a pau ʻole ka paʻakikī. He aha ke kumukūʻai o ka mālama wale ʻana i ka makahiki o ke kumu waina! Holo i ko lākou mau mea hana ponoa, hiki i nā lianas ke hiki i ka lōʻihi o 5 mika, a me kekahi mau ʻano like i hoʻokahi makahiki - 20 mau mika. Hoʻomaʻamaʻo ka hana ʻana i nā mākina makahiki, mālama ka winegrowers i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka mea kanu, kuhikuhi i kāna hana nui e hana i ka nui o ka makana.
ʻAe ka poʻe i ka wehe i ka mea kanu i ka hanana hoihoi. Ma kahi mea hoʻi, huki pōloʻi ka hoki a kahi pōloli i ka ʻōpū o nā kumulāʻau, kahi, no ka pīhoihoi ʻana o ka mea hoʻokipa, a laila ua hoʻopuka nui i nā hua he nui. ʻLelo lākou ua hana hou nā Helene i kahi hoʻokalakua kupaianaha loa i ka mea nāna i ʻike ʻole i kahi hoʻokipa maikaʻi loa.
ʻO nā mea kūlohelohe kolohe ʻaʻole i ola i kona wā lōʻihi a nani hoʻi. Wanana ka poʻe ʻike no kāna wā i ka wā e hiki mai ana i nā mea kiʻekiʻe o nā ʻepekema a me nā winegrowers.
Hoʻohana ʻia ma nā lako:
- S. I. Ivchenko - Buke e pili ana i nā kumulāʻau
