He paʻakikī e hoʻonāukiuki i ka waiwai o nā hua waina i ke ola o ke kanaka kahiko a me nā kānaka āpau. Ua lilo kekahi o nā hua mua, ka waina a me ka wīwī mai ka wā kahiko i loaʻa he kuleana nui i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ke kālepa a me ka hoʻokele. He nui nā moʻolelo maoli a me nā hanana e pili ana me nā hua waina. He mea hiki ʻole ke haʻi aku i nā mea āpau e pili ana i ka hua waina, akā ʻo ka ʻike wale nō e pili ana i kahi ʻepekema āpau i loko o ka mea kanu a me kāna hoʻoulu - ampelography pono ka nānā a me ka mahalo.
Wahi a nā hana a N.I. Vavilov, ua lilo ka ʻāina ʻo Āsia a me ka Hikina Waena i ka hānau ʻana o kēia moʻomeheu a me ke kumu no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka viticulture. Eia ka helu nui o nā kumu lāʻau ulu lāʻau ulu ulu ulu maoli e ulu mau ana. Eia, ma Georgia, ua loaʻa ka hōʻike no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka winemaking dating i ka millennium BC.
Mai ia wā mai, ua hoʻonui nui ka laha o ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka moʻomeheu aloha wela. A i kēia lā, ʻaʻole hiki ke hālāwai me ke kumu ke ʻole i ka moku Antartika. I ka huina, ʻoi aku ma mua o ka he 10 miliona hekahi i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia no nā waina a me nā papaʻaina ma ka honua. Me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā koho koho a me nā ʻenehana hana nui, ke lilo nei nā ʻano lāʻau nui i ka mea nui wale no ka winemaking, akā no ka hoʻohana hou ʻana, ka hana ʻana o kaʻaila a me nā kīlaʻi.
Kahi ʻano huahelu: nā ʻano a me nā kumu
I ka huina nui, ma ke ʻano ʻo Vitis Vitis, e like me ka helu i kēia manawa, ua ʻoi aku nā ola he ʻehiku mau tausani, i kahele ʻia i nā hui ʻekolu.
- Euro-ʻĀsia;
- East ʻAsia;
- ʻAmelika ʻAmelika.
ʻO ka hui Euro-ʻAsia, he mau ʻano o Vitis vinifera, nā moʻomeheu moʻomeheu i hāʻawi i ka nui loa o nā ʻano ʻenehana a me nā papa lāʻau e hiki mai nei i kēia lā. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia lākou, e like me ka helu ʻana o A. M. Negrul, i māhele ʻia i ʻekolu hui kikoʻī.
- orientalis- kūloko;
- occidentalis - ʻ Europeanlelo ʻAulopa;
- pontica- e puka mai ana mai kahakai o ke Kaiula.
ʻO nā ʻano 28 he ʻano nui ka ʻohana ʻAmelika, ʻekolu i ʻike maikaʻi a kanu ʻia hoʻi. Ma ka manawa like, ʻaʻole ʻo Vitis labrusca, ʻaʻole ia wale ke kupuna o ka hapa nui o nā ʻōiwi ʻAmelika, akā ʻo kekahi mau pua e ulu ana nā hua, ma muli o ko lākou ʻano noʻonoʻo ʻole a me nā hua i nā mea āpau. Hoʻomaopopo a maikaʻi nā hua o kēia ʻano me ka ʻāpana kū, i kapa ʻia ʻo "fox" a mauʻu ʻōpala paha. ʻO kahi hoʻohālike maʻamau o nā pua kūlohelohe maʻamau o ka Europa a me ʻAmelika kahi o ka loea Isabella grape ʻano, nona ka mōʻaukala, ua kokoke a kokoke i ʻelua mau makahiki.
ʻO nā hui nui loa o ka huaʻo ʻAsika Hikina kahi 44 mau ʻano, nona kahi i aʻo ʻia a hoʻohana ʻia i ka viticulture wale nō. ʻO kēia Vitis amurensis - huaʻili Amur.
I kēia lā, i nā mahiʻai a me nā mahiʻai aloha nui, ulu nā nāhelehele, e hāʻawi ana i nā hua a puni a me nā elongated o nā aniani a pau mai ka ʻeleʻele a me ka poni a hiki i amber ʻōmaʻomaʻo.
Eia kekahi, ʻo nā māpē keʻokeʻo he hopena ia o ka hana huaʻai, akā e hana ʻia e ke ʻano ponoʻī. Hoʻoulu wale nā ʻano hua like ʻole o nā hua waina āpau, akā ma muli o ka mutation spontan, i hoʻopōmaikaʻi ʻia, ua nalowale kekahi mau lāʻau i hiki ke hana i nā huaʻumi o nā hua anthocyanins. No laila he mau ʻano huahele o nā keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo.
Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole nā mea kanu wale nō he mea kanu e hāʻawi ana i nā hua waiʻona, akā he mea hoʻohālikelike kūpaʻa maikaʻi nō hoʻi. No laila, aia kekahi mau ʻano, no ka laʻana ʻo Amur a me nā hua waina o ke kaikamahine, a me Isabella e hoʻohana ikaika ana i ka hoʻolālā pākuʻi a me ka māla mahiʻai. Aia no nā māka lahui. ʻO kahi kūlana mamao loa kēia o nā loina moʻomeheu o ka genus Vitis - cissis, ma ke ʻano o nā lau a me ka helehelena o kahi ulu lāʻau i like ai kona mau kaikuaʻana hua.
ʻO nā ʻano waina hou a me nā koho o nā ʻanoʻokoʻa hou
Inā mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i nā hua waina ʻokoʻa, nona nā hua ka lōʻihi a paʻa i ke ola o kahi kanaka, a laila ʻoi aku paha ma mua o 20 tausani mau o lākou i ka honua, a ʻo ka hapa nui he heluna e loaʻa ana i nā huaʻai i Europa, nā labrusca ʻAmelika a me nā pua Amur.
Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia ʻano ko lākou pono ponoi a me nā hemahema, no laila, ke hana ikaika nei nā mea hoʻonaninani i nā hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi loa a loaʻa i ka papaʻaina a me nā ʻano ʻenehana kūloko.
- me ka luhi o ka hoʻoilo koʻikoʻi;
- me kahi puʻupuʻu nui, kūpono a kīnā ʻole;
- me nā lā hānau mua;
- me nā huaʻai maʻamau;
- me ka pale nui ʻana i nā maʻi a me nā pōpoki.
I ka waenakonu o ka makahiki hope, ua hiki iā Michurin ke loaʻa i nā pōpoki paʻa o ka hui ʻana i ka ua anu-hardy Amur a me nā ʻano ʻē ʻole ʻōiwi ʻAmelika, ʻoi mau ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hua waina mua, kahi i hoʻonui nui ai i nā palena o ka viticulture ma ka Soviet Union.
ʻOi aku ma mua o ka hapalua o nā wahi i ulu ai ka hua waina ma Rūsia e hoʻopili ʻia ana i nā ʻona me kahi aniani a me ka nui o ka makika.
ʻO kēia ke ʻano e kūpaʻa ka vine:
- ʻaʻano ikaika;
- ʻaʻole hiki i ka hau ma ka kō a me ka ʻā;
- nele i ka wai i ka puna a me nā mahina o ke kauwela;
- ua nui ka wā e hoʻomaka ai, ka wā ʻoki a ʻoki ʻana paha.
Ma ke kumu o nā ʻano i loaʻa i nā makahiki Soviet, ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā ʻano like ʻole like ʻole o nā maʻi like ʻole nā maʻi like ʻole o ka lālani, ʻo Iwiryanka, Vostorg.
Hoʻala ʻia ke kala
ʻO ka mea nui ka pilikia o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hua kumuwaiwa no nā kumu waina a me ka papa ʻaina, me ka manawa e ulu iki ana.
Aia kekahi manaʻo e hiki ke hiki i ka mea kanu ke kūkulu koke i kahi huaʻai i hilinaʻi i nā mea he nui, ʻo ka mea nui ka predisposition genetic. Eia nō naʻe, i loko o kēlā me kēia ʻano lela like a me nā manawa, hiki i nā hua waina o kēlā me kēia ʻano ke hoʻopiha i kahi hua me ka manawa like o ka 1-2 mau pule.
Eia kekahi, aia nā manaʻoʻokoʻa loa i loko o ka phenotype ma waena o nā ʻano ʻākau a me ka hema. ʻO kahi laʻana, kahi ʻano huakaʻi ʻōpua o nā kumu ʻākau no ka hāʻawi ʻole ʻana i kahi mauʻaʻai nani i kahi manawa pōkole, akā mālama pū nō hoʻi i ka hoʻoilo. I ka wā e ulu ai, e ulu i kāna māla. Hiki i nā ʻano hema me ke ʻano o ka ʻūhū like ʻana i ka ʻāina like ʻole; A i nā huaʻai ʻala, ʻike pinepine ʻia nā hua like ʻole.
ʻO ka manawa mai ka manawa mai ka uka ʻana o ka pēpē i ka ulu ʻana o nā hua i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka wā pono.
- hoʻomaka nui ka lā 105-115 lā;
- ʻōpō mua i nā lā 115-125;
- hoʻonui i nā lā 125-130 lā;
- ka lā pāʻālua ma waena o nā lā o 130-140;
- e ʻūhā ana i ka lā 140-145 lā;
- ʻehā a ʻoi loa i ka lā 145 lā.
ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, aia aia nā ʻano mua o nā hua waina, ma lalo o nā kūlana ulu maikaʻi, ua mākaukau e ʻoluʻolu i ka ʻohi ʻana i 90-95 a i ʻole 85 mau lā.
Ka pale ʻana o ka hua waina
Akā inā ulu ka ulu me nā wā ulu pōkole, hiki ʻole ke loaʻa i kahi hua kūpono inā ʻaʻole loaʻa nā mea kanu i ka paʻakikī o ka hoʻoilo a hiki ʻole ke ola i ka wā hōʻuluʻulu a me nā hau hoʻoilo. Pākuʻi ʻia nā ʻano hua lāʻau palalakeke i nā kūlana Lūkini me ke ʻano o kahi koninika, kahi ma kahi o nā wela wela a me nā wahi hema o ka hoʻoilo ka paʻakikī.
Wahi a ka helu i ʻae ʻia, ua māhele ʻia nā ʻano like i ʻehā mau hui:
- nawaliwali ikaika, ua hoʻoilo i nā mahana mai -15 a -17 ° C;
- ke kūleʻa kūleʻa, hoʻoluʻu-maloʻo mai -18 a -22 ° C;
- me ka nui o ka pale ʻana, ke ola nei i nā frosts mai -23 a -27 ° C;
- ke kū nei i ka hau, a me ka mahana ma waena o -28 a -35 ° C.
ʻO ka mahalo, ʻo ka hiki i ka huawaina ke kū aku i ke anuanu e loli ma kahi o ka makahiki.
I loko o kahi manawa ulu o ka ulu ulu ʻana, hiki i ka hoʻihoʻi wikiwiki loa i -3 ° C hiki ke hoʻopau loa i ka lāʻau o nā hua waina kūlohelohe kūlohelohe, ka mea e pau ai kēia waiwai i ke kauwela. Hoʻopiha ʻia nā pua i kēia manawa me nā wai momona, ʻaʻole nui ka lignification, a ʻaʻohe mea kanu i nā mea pale a me nā mālama. Ma ka wā lulu, hiki ke ulu nui ka hoʻoilo a hiki i ka nui loa o Ianuali. I ka manawa like, ʻoi aku ka palekana o ka lāʻau perennial ma mua o nā pua makahiki. A ʻo ka ʻili loa kahi kahi e ulu pū ai ka scion a me ka rootstock.
Ke kanu nei i nā ʻano kīnā ʻole e uhi ai ka nui o ka hua waina, pono ke nānā i ka ʻehā ma luna o ka lāʻau ʻoi aku ka ʻokoʻa o ka pale i ke anuanu.
- ʻOi aku ka palekana o nā keiki hiamoe.
- Ma ka lua kahi e kahuli, nā ʻōpū ʻaoʻao.
- Hoʻomaʻamaʻa pinepine nā mau keiki kumu i ka hau a me ka hoʻoilo ka hoʻoilo.
ʻO ka pale ʻana o ka hua waina i ka mea e pono ai me nā kūlana meteorological wale nō, akā ma ka wahi o ke kumulāʻau i kekahi wahi, ʻo ia hoʻi, kona pae mākaukau no ka hoʻoilo, hōʻino ʻia e nā maʻi a me nā pōpoki.
Nā papa lāʻau waina
ʻO ka hana nui e pili ana i ka mahiʻai ʻana ma ke kuhikuhi no ka loaʻa ʻana o nā hua hou, nā huaʻai e hoʻopau hou ana. ʻO nā ʻano waina papaʻaina e noho ai i kēia lā i kahi mua loa i waena o nā mea māla punahele a me nā winegrowers.
ʻO ka nui o nā papaʻaina o ka papaʻaina, he mea maʻalahi ia e hoʻokaʻawale i ka nui o nā hōʻailona:
- ka nui a me ke ʻano hiʻohiʻona o nā brushes nui;
- ʻula nani, ʻano a me ka nui o nā huaʻa;
- i'ōlelo ʻia a me ka ʻono o nā huaʻai.
Ke hānai nei i ia ʻano ʻano like ʻole, nui ka mālama nui e hōʻemi i ka hoʻohanohano o nā huaʻa, hoʻoulu a loaʻa nā hua nui a me nā pulupulu piha. Hōʻalo ʻia kekahi nui o nā hana agrotechnical i lawe ʻole ʻia ma nā lāʻau waina. Ma waena o kēia mau ʻano:
- kūlohelohe kūlohelohe;
- ka hui ʻana o nā brus a me nā pilikeke;
- ʻokiʻoki i nā huaʻai i nā hua bunches;
- Hoʻopili i nā lau pala lulu.
ʻO ke kiʻi a me ka maikaʻi o nā hua waina o ka papaʻaina huaʻai ka mea e hilinaʻi ʻia i ke aniani, ka topografika a me ka lepo i kahi e ulu ai ka hua waina.
Inā ma mua o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka papaʻaina ʻai kīnā ʻole i mālama ʻia, i kēia lā ua nui nā ʻano, ʻelua no ka ʻai ʻana, a me ka holo ʻana a me ka mālama lōʻihi loa.
Nā hua ʻai kīleʻa hua ʻole
Nā hua waina huehue, nona nā hua piha he hua kīnā ʻole a i ʻole ko lākou rudiments wale nō, ke hele nei i ka kaulana i waena o nā winegrowers. Noi wale aku ka huaʻai ma ke ʻano he mea hou wale nō, hana lākou i nā mea momona mai nā hua waina, ʻoiai ua kūʻai ʻia nā mea kanu huaole. ʻO ka nele o nā hua kūpono he mea koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻokokoke ʻana i nā mea hoʻohana, no laila, a hiki i kahi manawa, e pā wikiwiki ana kahi hui liʻiliʻi, hoʻopiha ʻia me nā hybrids a me nā ʻano o nā ʻano ʻulaʻula, ʻeleʻele a me nā keʻokeʻo o nā ʻala a me kahi huakaʻi.
ʻĀnō ʻia ʻo ia nā hua kīnā ʻole e hōʻike ʻia e nā ʻano ʻelua:
- raismo no ka hui hikina hua waina;
- kinamona, no ka hui ʻana o ka ʻeleʻele o ke kai ʻeleʻele.
ʻO Kishmish ka mea i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia kekahi o nā mea kaulana loa i ka honua. Akā inā ʻike pinepine nā hua waina me nā hua liʻiliʻi a ʻoluʻolu loa i nā hale mālama hale, ua hāʻawi aku kēia mau puaʻa i nā ʻano kīlei mua me ka huaʻai o nā kelepona, keʻokeʻo a ʻulaʻula.
Nā ʻano hua ʻenehana ʻona
No ka mea ua manaʻo ʻia nā hua ʻenehana o nā loea ʻenehana no ka hoʻopili ʻana, ʻo kāna hiʻohiʻona nui o ka ʻona ka wai. ʻO ka nui o ka wai i loaʻa mai nā huaʻai waiwai a i ʻole nāwa waina i hiki i ka 75-85%. ʻO ka lua e kuhikuhi pono i ka hoʻohālikelike o ka huina o ke kuapo a me ke kaumaha o nā huaʻa i ka lima. ʻO ka ʻoi aku ka momona a me ka haʻahaʻa o ka paona i ka comb, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka waiwai ʻoluʻolu.
I ka manawa like, ʻo ka helehelena o ka ʻeke, ʻo ka launa pū ʻana o ke kala a me ka nui o ka hua, ʻaʻole i koʻikoʻi loa. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka nānā ʻana i ka mīkini a me ka me ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā huaʻa, nā kōkō a me ka hoʻohuihui, kahi e hilinaʻi ʻia ai ke ʻano a me ke ʻano o ka huahana hopena. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hōʻiliʻili maikaʻi ʻana i nā hua waina o kahi ʻano ʻenehana ʻaʻole ia i hilinaʻi wale aku i nā ʻano a me nā mea kūlohelohe o ka mea kanu, akā ke ulu pū nei nō hoʻi. ʻAʻohe mea ʻike he mau māla i hala i kekahi mau makahiki o ka mōʻaukala a kaulana no ka waina maikaʻi loa.
Ua ʻike maikaʻi ʻia ka poʻe Connoisseurs e hoʻopili i ka pākuʻi a me nā mea kikoʻī, ka ʻano o ka waina a me kona mauʻu e hāpai ʻia ana e ka wahi kikoʻī o ke kumu waina. No ka laʻana, ka waihoʻoluʻu o ke kala o nā hua waina o ka hua waina i hilinaʻi nui ʻia i ka hoʻomālamalama, ke kuhikuhi o nā laina a me nā mea ʻauhau o ka pīpī i ulu ai nā lāʻau. Mahalo i nā ʻano hiʻohiʻona o nā ʻano like ʻole, no ka laʻana, kahi pākū o ka ʻono, e like me ka Cabernet, a me ka mea ʻalaʻawa, e like me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe a me nā hybrides o Muscat, hoʻokele nā winemakers e loaʻa ai nā hoihoi, ʻaʻole like me nā ʻina ʻē aʻe a me nā mea inu.
Inā ʻaʻole kūlike kekahi mau māla palaoa i ka pili ʻana i kekahi maka maka, a laila no nā ʻano loea, ʻhele pū ʻia i loko o nā kūlohelohe a hoʻokomo ʻia ua kūpono. Eia nō naʻe, mahalo nui ʻia nā ʻano ʻāpana o nā hua waina ʻenehana a ʻo nā lako maka no ka hana ʻana o nā ʻano kūhelu o nā waina maikaʻi, ʻoiai ʻaʻole hiki ke hana.
