Kākau ʻoliʻoli

ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona maʻamau o nā mea kanu hanu.

I kēia manawa, hiki i nā mea ulu o ka ʻai manu ke mālama ʻia i kūpono no ke kanu lāʻau. ʻO kēia ka mea, mai nā saprotrophs lepo, nā champignons bicuspid a me nā hui pālua; he kani, a he stropharia nā ʻili kūloko paha; edible volvarilla, shaggy dung beetle, rowaceae violet; mai xylotrophs - ka pua uhonu, Spitake, nā kauwela kauwela, ka hoʻoilo hālima a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO kēia mau mea, i nā kūlana o kā mākou republik, i nā pā hale, i ka home, a ma nā kīhāpai ulu ulu ulu ʻana, e ulu pono nā hua like ʻole.

Champignon pālua-thoracic - Agaricus bisporus (J. Lge) Imbach. - ua lilo i mea kanu i mea kiʻekiʻe ma nā ʻāina ʻoi aku ma mua o 70 o ke ao nei: ʻo kāna hōʻiliʻili ʻana i kēlā me kēia kime ka hōʻea i 15-20 kg / m2.

ʻO nā kino hua o kēia peʻa e like me kahi pāpale e noho ana ma luna o ka wāwae waena. ʻO ka pāpale ma ka lapalapa a hiki i ka 5-10 cm. I ka manawa mua he semicircular, ma hope, he convex, convex-outstretched, i kekahi manawa he scaly i ke kikowaena, ʻokoʻa i ka waihoʻoluʻu - mai ke keʻokeʻo a hiki i nā palaka lepo i nā kala like ʻole, ka māmā ma nā kihi. Wahi a ke kala o nā kino hua, ʻekolu ʻāpana o ka champignon o nā mea kanu ʻelua i hoʻokaʻawale - keʻokeʻo, ʻona a me kaʻula. ʻAno keʻokeʻo ka ʻiʻo o ka pāpale, ʻākala, kīkohu, i ka wā huki a ʻulaʻula ʻole a ʻulaʻula paha, hoʻāʻo ʻia i ka ʻono, he ʻano ʻohu. He manuahi, ʻaʻole keʻokeʻo, nā pāpaʻi, nā ʻulaʻula, a me nā hiʻi ʻulaʻula, me nā hua pālahalaha - brown a ʻeleʻele paha. ʻEleʻele nā palaʻai i koʻi ʻia. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā spores ʻelua i ka bicuspid champignon ma ʻelua mau lāʻau (ma nā ʻano ʻē aʻe o ka champignon - ʻehā). Hoʻomala lākou i nā ʻāina momona o humus, ma luna o ka manure overripe, ma nā lehelehe lāʻau, nā kīwī, nā ʻōpala, nā māla, a me nā māla. Nā hua momona pricuspid mai Iune a ʻOkakopa. He waiwai momona kiʻekiʻe kona.

Hoʻouka komo pālua - Agaricus bitorquis (Quel.) Sacc. - i ka helehelena, ʻokoʻa wale ia i mua o ke apo pālua ma ka laka, a me kona hiki ke ulu i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ke ea kiʻekiʻe a me nā hoʻonaninani o ka carbon dioxide i ka substrate. No laila, ʻoi aku ka mea o kēia ʻano e hoʻohiki i ka kanu ʻana i nā wahi hema.

ʻO nā apo-kele, a i ʻole nā pelekele nā stropharia, - ʻO Stropharia rugosoannulata Farlov - i wehewehe mua ʻia i ka USA i 1922. ʻIke ʻia ia ma ke ʻano ma ʻAmelika ʻAmelika a ma ʻEulopa. Aia nō ia i nā māla momona maikaʻi, nā mea kanu, kanu ma waho o ka ulu lāʻau, ma nā wahi lau nahele, ma nā māla lau o nā lau, a i kekahi manawa ma ka ulu lāʻau lohi.

ʻO nā kino hua o ke apo i ke ʻano o kahi pāpale me kahi wāwae i waena. Hoʻololi ka waihoʻoluʻu Hat
mai taupe i ʻulaʻula ulaula. I ka wā mua o ka hoʻomohala ʻana, ua uhi ʻia ia i nā mānoanoa, a laila e nalo; ke waiho mau nā keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo ma ko lākou wahi. Loaʻa ke anawaena o ka pāpale i ka 20-25 cm. Ke keʻokeʻo ka wāwae, 10-15 cm kiʻekiʻe, mānoanoa, ʻiʻo hoʻi. ʻO ka papa ma mua ke keʻokeʻo, a ma hope e loli i ko lākou kala mai ke aniani-hina-hina i ka uliuli-violet. Kahi ka hulu kime o kahi ʻano hōkū i kū ʻia ma waena o ka pāpale a me ka wāwae. He waiwai pū kekahi o nā loina a me nā mea kūpono i nā kuke. Hoʻohālikelike ka ʻono me ka champignon.

ʻŌpū palaka ʻuma - Pleurotus ostreatus (Fr.) Kumm. - kekahi o nā mea maʻamau loa i nā pua vivo edible. Aia ia i ka wā lūlū ma nā ululāʻau a me nā paka, ma ka haki a me nā ʻuala o ka hoʻomaloʻo a me ka huki ʻana i nā lāʻau deciduous (willow, poplar, maple, etc.), pinepine i loko o nā hollows. E ulu i loko o nā pūʻulu nui, e like me ka mea e hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai kahi substrate (mai laila ka inoa - oyster mushroom).

Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ecotyp fungal e pili ana i nā ʻano mea e ulu nei: Pleurotus pulmonarius, Pleurotus cornucopiiae, Plcurotus citrinopileatus, Pleurotus satignus. Hoʻomaopopo pinepine ʻia lākou nā ʻano kūʻokoʻa. Kūlike lākou i ka helehelena, ma nā microscopic a me genetic ʻano, i ka hoʻopiha i ka kemika, ke kūʻē i nā maʻi baktereka, ka maʻi fungal a me nā maʻi viral, a hiki i ka hiki ke hoʻomanawanui i ka mālama ʻana i kahi lōʻihi. Akā ʻo kēia mau hāpana he huahana momona maikaʻi nā ʻano o nā mea hoʻohui a me nā ʻano paʻakai. ʻĀniu ʻokoʻa kā lākou ʻono a me ka ʻala me ka lolo ma ka mea e ulu ai lākou.

ʻO nā kino hua o ka pua o ka ʻokiʻoki ma ke ʻano o nā pāpale me ka lōʻihi o ka 5-15 cm, i kekahi manawa a hiki i 30 cm. ʻO ka pāpale ka ʻiʻo, ʻohi a lula ʻia, ʻūneke, kūlohelohe, ka puʻupuʻu, ʻona, a me nā ʻano like ʻole (hina-ʻulaʻula, ʻeleʻele-hina, ʻulaʻula. ʻeleʻele, ʻeleʻele), i kekahi manawa me kahi kaʻi mycelial keʻokeʻo. Hoʻokomo ʻia kona ʻāpana waena, ua kākiki nā kihi. Ke keʻokeʻo a keʻokeʻo paha nā papa, ʻoi aku, hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia a paʻa liʻiliʻi paha, ma kahi kū hoʻokahi a i ʻole kekahi e hāʻule i ka wāwae. ʻAno ka wāwae, keʻokeʻo, keʻokeʻo, ma ke kumu he lauoho lauoho ia, i kekahi manawa ke nānā ʻia a hemahema paha. A keʻokeʻo ka pulpelu, ke ʻoki ʻia i ka lewa, ʻaʻole i loli kona kala.

No nā ʻōpū i nā ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe o ke ola holoʻokoʻa, pono ke ʻano i nā kūlana kiʻekiʻe. No ka uluʻana o ka mycelium, 23-27 ° C ka mea kūpono loa, ma kahi wela ma lalo a i ʻole ka pae ma mua o ka pae maikaʻi, e iho ana kona ulu a emi mai i ka 5 ° C a ma mua o 30 ° C ua kū pinepine ia. Aia i ke kumu pono o ke kō no ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hua a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā kino hua, nā ʻano o ka ʻola o ke ʻano ohe mau ʻalani i waena o ka hoʻoilo a me ke kauwela. ʻO ke ʻano "hoʻoilo" pili i nā wahi o nā ecotypes kūloko. No ko lākou pane ʻana, pono ka lōʻihi o ka huina o 13 + 2 ° C. ʻO ke ʻano "kauwela" ke pili ʻana o ka māla hāmeʻa o Florida. E hoʻohua ʻia ka hua ma kahi mahana kiʻekiʻe. Hāʻawi nā Strains o ke ʻano mua i nā kino hua momona nui. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā kumu o ke ʻano o ka lua o nā kino hua a me nā mea pōkole o ka ulu kaʻina o ka myalial.

I kēia manawa, loaʻa nā hybrids ma ke kālai ʻana i ke "wā hoʻoilo" a me ke "kauwela", e hōʻike ʻia ana e ka lōʻihi o ka makahiki a me ka nui o nā kino hua.

ʻO Shiitake (Shiitake), a i ʻole lible lentinus, - Lousinus cdodes (Berk.) Mele. - kekahi o nā mea momona pono e laʻa. Ma lalo o nā kūlana kūlohelohe, ulu i nā ululāʻau māla ulu. Ua loaʻa ma nā ʻāina o Asia Hema. Ke ulu nei kēia ulu ulu ma lalo o nā mea kanu no nā 2000 mau makahiki, ʻoi loa ka nui - ma Iapana. ʻO ka mea i hala koke nei, ua hoʻomaka ʻia ke kanu ʻia ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, a ma nā ʻāina ʻehā o ʻEulopa.

Ma ke ola o ke ola, he saprotroph kēia hua - ola ma ka lāʻau make oak, hornbeam, chestnut, birch (ʻaʻole ia e ulu i nā lāʻau ola). Hoʻohana ia i kahi selulose, hemicellulose, lignin a me nā wai kō no ka mālamaʻai. ʻO nā huaʻai i ka pūnāwai (i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā pua plums) a i ka o ka hāʻule. Loaʻa i ka nui o ka hua kino nā kino hua - i kekahi manawa a 20 cm ke anawaena (ʻoi aku hoʻi - 5-10 cm). Kuhi ka pāpale i ka wā ʻōpiopio, palupalu i ka wā o ka manawa, a hele kekahi kaumaha i kekahi manawa ma kona wahi. ʻO ka papa o ka pāpale o nā kino hua lahilahi he maloʻo, palaki ʻia, me nā keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo a me nā unahi shaggy hina, nāʻau kuʻi i nā kihi. Mālama ka kala i ke ʻano o ka makahiki a me nā kūlana mālamalama mai nā aniani ʻulaʻula a i ʻole ka ʻulaʻula. ʻO ka pulpana o ka ʻōpū, he ʻiʻo, keʻokeʻo, ʻulaʻula ma lalo o ka ʻili. Waʻa nā papa, i ka wā keokeo-keʻokeʻo, me ka manawa e brownish. Hōʻea nā wāwae, cylindrical, 1-1.5 cm mānoanoa, 3-5 cm ka lōʻihi, keʻokeʻo a ʻulaʻula paha i ka pena.

Loaʻa nā kino hua shiitake hou i ka mea momona a me nā ono. ʻO lākou he mea kanu momona, nā mea e hoʻemi ai i ka cholesterol cholesterol plasma, a me ka lentinan polysaccharide. Mālama ʻo Lentinan i ka ʻōnaehana pale ʻana, lohi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻōpū palaki, pale i ka carcinogenicity kemu, a loaʻa nā mea antiviral. Ke hoʻohana nei ʻo Lentinan ma kahi hoʻohana lāʻau.

I loko o Iapana, ua manaʻoʻiʻo lōʻihi e hoʻolōʻihi ke shiitake i ke ola. MaʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, hiki iā ʻoe ke kūʻai i kēlā me kēia hale kūʻai me ka inoa ʻo Healthy Diet.

Ua kūpono ʻo Siitake i nā ʻano mea kuke a pau, ai ka hoʻomoʻo ʻana, hoʻonui hou ʻia kona momona. Hiki ke ʻai maka ʻia kēia ʻalā.

Pono pala o (Oyster mushroom)

Ka meli agaric - Kuehncromyces mutabilis (Fr.) mele, ct Smith. - lāʻau ʻānai lāʻau-hoʻopau. I lalo o nā kūlana kūlohelohe, ulu ka nui i nā ʻōpala nui o nā lāʻau make he nui (nā pepeiaohao, maple, birch, linden, aspen, ka lāʻau āpau, beech, chestnut, etc.), ma nā ʻōpala, nā lāʻau make, nā lāʻau make. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma ka lāʻau coniferous, a ma kekahi manawa ma nā lāʻau hua lāʻau. ʻO ka mycelium o kēia pēpē ke keʻokeʻo-keʻokeʻo, i ka lush mua, me ka manawa e hoʻoikaika a lilo i ʻulaʻula māmā. Ua komo koke ʻo ia i ka lāʻau no ka luku ʻana i ka make. Ke kau nei i ka hua o ka huaʻai ma hope o ka hoʻokalakupua ʻana o ka mycelium i kahi nui o ka substrate a ua hōʻiliʻili i kekahi o nā meaʻai. Ma nā lāʻau ola, ʻaʻole ulu nā meli melemele.

Loaʻa ka meli melemele kauwela ma nā wahi a pau o Belarus, Rusia, Ukraine a me Caucasus, ma Western Europe, Asia a me ʻAmelika Hui PūʻIa. Lawe ʻia ka hua mai Iune a ʻOkakopa. Ma lalo o nā kūlana kūpono, ʻo nā kino hua o kēia pūpū he mau manawa i ka wā ulu. I ka makahiki 1969, ua ʻike ka mea noiʻi Keleman Walter Luthard he ʻano like ʻole nā ka peʻe o ke kauwela a me nā ʻano like ʻole i ko lākou ʻano i ke ʻano o ka hopena o ke ea a me ka huahana. Ma lalo o nā kūlana maikaʻi, ʻo kekahi o lākou e hana i nā kino hua i ka wā e ulu ana i nā manawa ʻekolu mau manawa. I kēia hihia, ʻo ka lua o ka ʻaoʻao (ka nalu) o ka hua, e like me ke kānāwai, ʻoi aku ka huahana.

Kūpono ʻia nā kino hua o ka meli o ke kauwela i nā helehelena i like me nā ʻāpana o ka meli o ka meli e hāmama, akā ʻokoʻa i kahi kala ʻeleʻele. ʻO ke māka o ka kino hua o ka meli o ka meli o ke kauwela a hiki i ka lōʻihi o 3-6 cm. I ka wā ʻōpiopio, he semicircular, a laila lilo i flat-convex, a i ka wā i ka wāʻelemakule ua kokoke ia i ka puka, ka wai, hāʻule nā kihi. Ma ka kikowaena o ka pāpale he laulā ākea. ʻO kona ʻaoʻao waho ke silky-fibrous, ʻalani melemele me ke aniani brownish, ʻeleʻele me nā kaʻe i ka ua ma ka aniani. ʻO ka ʻiʻo o ka pāpale he palupalu, keʻokeʻo me kahi tingish brownish, he ʻono kaʻai ʻala ʻono a me ka momona. Hoʻopili ʻia nā papa o ka pāpale, pinepine i ka wāwae, mua ka pāpaʻi māmā, me ka wā ʻulaʻula. ʻO ka wāwae waena, i ka wā cylindrical, lilo i hakahaka, he puʻu me ka makahiki; i ka lōʻihi ka i ka 3 i ka 8 cm, i ka mānoanoa - mai ka 0.3 a hiki i 1 cm. He ʻulaʻulaʻula ma ka ʻāpana, he māmā ma ka ʻaoʻao, flaky-scaly, velvety, ʻeleʻele ma lalo, ʻeleʻele. ʻO ka hīmeni pani hūʻili i kona wā ʻōpiopio i like ia me ka piko o ka wāwae. I kekahi manawa nalowale, waiho ana i kahi hōʻailona maopopo. Kālepa ʻaʻa kala.

Kūkulu ʻia ka waiū melemele ma ke ʻano he nui kūpono i ka nui o nā ʻāina o ka honua.

ʻO ka palu pua no ka hoʻoilo, a me ka flammulin ka holvet-legged, - Waiwai flammulina (Curt, ex Fr.) Hīpeni. - Ua ʻāpā nui ʻia ʻo ia ma waena o ka Republic of Belarus, pū kekahi me ʻEulopa, Siberia, a me ka Far East. Ma lalo o nā ʻano kūlohelohe, ulu ia i ka lāʻau o nā lāʻau make a i ʻole nā mea kanu i hoʻopau i nā mea ulu he nui (poplar, linden, willow, etc.), a me nā ʻōpī o nā kumulāʻau i hāʻule ʻia. Loaʻa i kekahi manawa me nā conifers. I Belarus, ʻaʻole i kaulana loa ia e like me kahi mea momona ulu.

ʻAʻole like me nā mea ʻai e ʻai ai, nā kahe ka hoʻoilo i nā kino hua i nā wai haʻahaʻa (a hiki i 2-5 ° С); i ka puʻuwai, i Belarus pinepine loa - i ka hopena o ka ʻāʻī, i kekahi manawa i ka hoʻoilo i ka wā o kahi kumulāʻau, me ia hoʻi i ka Pōʻalua a i ʻApelila paha. I nā hau maloʻo, ua uhi ʻia lākou me ka hau, hoʻoili ma ka manawa, a i ka wā o ke kumulāne hiki iā lākou ke ola hou a ulu hou.

ʻO nā kino hua o kahi ʻuma lemu ma ke ʻano o kahi pāpale ma kahi wāwae. ʻO ka pāpale he 2 a 10 cm paha ka laulā, hoʻopuni-convex i ke wā ʻōpiopio, a laila e pālahalaha, a hehi iki ma nā kihi. Ke wahī i kona ʻaoʻao o luna, maʻamau i ka melemele a i ʻole kekona, i nā manawa brownish ma ka waena, i kaulaʻi ʻia i ka ʻaoʻao. ʻO ka io o ka pāpale he mānoʻomaʻo, he palupalu, me kahi hie melemele, me kahi meaʻono ʻono maikaʻi a me ka ʻala hoʻi. ʻO Lamellae pinepine, ʻeleʻele, liʻiliʻi i pili i ka pedicle, ʻoniʻula-brown, ʻoninukina-dentate i nā kihi. ʻO ka wāwae o ke kino fruiting he kiko, cylindrical (lōʻihi a hiki i 5-8 cm, mānoanoa 0.5-0.8 cm), ākea, elastic, fibrous-velvety, ʻeleʻele-brown. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻūpiki i nā ʻūhā, keʻokeʻo.

Hoʻolololi ka ʻolokeʻo i ka hoʻoilo ma nā mea kanu olakino, e like me, no ka laʻana, flammulin (he hoʻomalu i ka ulu ʻana o nā cancers, he hopena antiviral), a no laila ke kīleʻa nui ʻia (ma ka lāʻau o ka papa hana lāʻau lāʻau a me ka hana mahiai).