ʻO kēlā me kēia mea, i ʻike ʻole ʻia i ka biology, ʻike maopopo ʻo ka kūleʻa o ka ulu ʻana i nā māla kanu lāʻau i hilinaʻi koke ʻia i ka hui pū ʻana o nā ʻano like ʻole. Nā kūlana hoʻohālikelike, nā kanu kanu, nā ʻano, ka manawa a me ka mākaukau o ka hana ʻoihana mahiai - ʻaʻole kēia wale nō he hopena pili i ka hua.
ʻEleʻeleʻeleʻele, waiwai i ka lepo humus.
ʻO kekahi o nā mea nui, e pāʻani pinepine pinepine i ka hopena o ka waiho ʻana i kahi māla a wāwahi i kahi māla, ʻo ia ke ʻano o ka lepo. ʻO ka hiki ke ulu i kekahi mau huaʻai, ke pono o kekahi mau kolamu, ʻo ke alapine o ka irrigation a me ka ʻoi ʻana e hilinaʻi i ka ʻāina ma kāu pūnaewele. Ae Ae! Hiki i kēia mau mea ke loaʻa ka hopena nui a maikaʻi a pōmaikaʻi paha inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e ʻike i ka lepo āu e kamaʻilio nei.
ʻO nā ʻano nui o ka lepo
ʻO nā papa nui o nā hū nā mea e loaʻa pinepine ai e nā māla i Lūkini e loaʻa ka pālolo, ke one, ke one, ka loamy, ka calcareous a me ka marshy. ʻO kēlā me kēia mea i loaʻa ka waiwai maikaʻi a maikaʻi ʻole, ʻo ia ka mea i hoʻokaʻawale i nā manaʻo i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana a koho i nā mea kanu. I ke ʻano o kā lākou helehelena maʻamau, ʻaʻole maʻamau, ʻo ka hapa nui i ke hui pū ʻana, akā me ke kiʻi nui o kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona. Ke ʻike nei i kēia mau waiwai ua 80% o ka kūleʻa o kahi hōʻiliʻili maikaʻi.
Papa eleele
Maʻalahi loa e hoʻoholo i ka lepo lepo: ma hope o ka eli ʻana, he pā hale palupalu nui, ʻōlepa i ka wāwae o nā wāwae i ka ua, hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai me ka palau ʻole, a hoʻoili pū pū me ia. Inā ʻōwili ʻia kekahi kiʻi nui mai kahi ʻāʻuku o kēlā ʻāina (wet), hiki ke maʻalahi i ka laka i ke aniani, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ia e wāwahi i loko o ia mau mea a i ʻole ʻāʻī paha.
Ma muli o kona kūlana kiʻekiʻe, ua noʻonoʻo ʻia ka lepo like. E hoʻomanū lohi, hoʻopuʻi ʻia ka ʻili ʻana, a he koikoi haʻahaʻa loa. No laila, pilikia ka ulu ʻana i nā mea kanu. Eia naʻe, inā hoʻomaʻemaʻe pono ʻia ka lepo lepo, hiki iā ia ke lauala.
Papa eleele.
I mea e hoʻomaʻamaʻa a hoʻonui i kēia ʻano o ka ʻāina, ua noi ʻia ke noi ʻana no ke ʻano o ka one, peat, lehu a me ka lime. Hoʻopili ke one i ka hiki ke hoʻomehana. Hoʻouluulu ka Ash ma nā mea kanu. Hoʻopau ka peat a hoʻonui i nā waiwai i ka wai. Hoʻemi ka lime i ka acidity a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka lula o ka ea o ka lepo.
Pehea ka hāʻawiʻana i kahi nīnau kūʻokoʻa e pili pono ana i ka hana o kou lepo, hiki ke kuhikuhi pono i ka noho ʻana o nā hana ʻoihana. Akā, i ka laulā: one - ʻaʻole iʻoi aku ma mua o 40 kg no 1 m², ka lime - e pili ana i 300 - 400 g no m², no ka eli hohonu i hoʻokahi manawa i kēlā me kēia 4 mau makahiki (ma nā ʻāina me kahi pane o ka waikawa), ʻaʻohe palena o ka peat a me ka lehu. Inā aia kahi koho o nā mea ola, ʻo ka mālama manu ʻana ka koho maikaʻi loa e hoʻonui i ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka lepo lepo. ʻO ka lūlū ʻana i ka siderates e like me ka puaa, rye, a me nā moats ʻaʻole he waiwai.
ʻAʻole maʻalahi ka lepo nā māla. Hoʻohāla ʻia nā aʻa wela, ka nele o ka oxygen, kūleʻa o ka wai, ʻaʻole e hana ka hana o ka lepo ma ka ulu. Akā naʻe, ʻo nā kumulāʻau a me nā mea kanu lāʻau, ke loaʻa kahi lako kumu ikaika ikaika, e ʻae maikaʻi i kēia ʻano o ka lepo. ʻO nā lau momona ma ka pālolo, ʻuala, beets, pīpī a me Ierusalema artichoke ʻoluʻolu maikaʻi.
No nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe, hiki iā ia ke hōʻike i nā moena kiʻekiʻe, ke kanu ʻana ma nā kuʻikuʻu, e hoʻopiʻi ana i ka hohonu o ka hua o ka hua a me nā kūpaʻa i ka lepo, e kanu ana i nā hua kanu ma kahi o nā ʻano (no ka hoʻōla maikaʻi ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana ʻano). I waena o nā hana mahiʻai, pono ke hāʻawi ʻia i nā ʻāina pālolo me ka wehe a me ka mulching.
Lepo Sandy
E pili ana ke one ʻōpū i nā kumu māmā. ʻAʻole paʻakikī ke ʻike iā ia paha: he maloʻo, hoʻokuʻu wale, punahele i ka wai. Inā ʻoe e huki i kahi ʻāpana o ia ʻāina a e hoʻāʻo e hana i kahi pālule, ʻaʻohe mea e hana.
ʻO nā pono āpau i hoʻoili ʻia ma ka ʻāina kapakai ke komo a me kā lākou minus. Hoʻanahana maikaʻi nā ʻāina, hoʻopuka maikaʻi, akā i ka manawa like me ka wikiwiki, e hoʻomaloʻo maikaʻi loa, a paʻa hoʻi lākou i nā minerala nāwaliwali i loko o ke kumu kanu (holoi ʻia nā mea kanu e ka wai i loko o ka hohonu o ka ʻāina). Ma muli o ia mea, ua ʻilihune lākou i ka mua o nā microflora pono a maikaʻi ʻole ʻia no ka ulu ʻana i nā mea kanu.
Lepo Sandy.
I mea e hoʻonui ai i ka uluʻana o ia mau lepo, pono e mālama mau i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā lako o kā lākou hoʻopaʻa a me nā mea paʻa. Ka hoʻohana pinepine ʻana o ka pit, kompos, humus, pālolo a i ʻole ka drill palaoa (a i ʻelua o nā bale i ka 1 m²), ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka manure ʻōmaʻomaʻo (me nā embedment i ka lepo), me ka mulching maikaʻi ma hope o 3 - 4 mau makahiki e hāʻawi i kahi hopena kūpono.
Akā ināʻo ka papa i loko o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻoulu, hiki ke kanu i nā kāloti, nā aniani, nā meloni, nā huaola, nā currants, nā hua lāʻau ma luna. ʻO ka ʻōpala, nā pīpī, ka ʻuala a me nā beets e hōʻoluʻolu ʻia i nā pāpū kahikina, akā inā hōʻōlaʻi ʻoe iā lākou me nā kōmike wikiwiki, ma nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi a nui ʻole, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻokō maikaʻi.
No nā mea makemake ʻole e tinker me ke kanu ʻana, aia kahi ala e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i kēia mau lepo - ka hoʻokumu ʻana o kahi pānaʻi huaʻai ma kahi pālolo. No ka hana ʻana i kēia, ma kahi o nā moena, pono ke kūkulu i ka pā hale pālolo (waiho i ka pālolo me kahi papa o 5 - 6 cm) a ninini iā ia ma 30 - 35 cm o kahi kāheʻe kahuma a i ʻole ka loamy lepo, i lawe ʻia mai ka ʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao.
Sandy loam ground
ʻO ka ʻāina Sandy kahi loiloi kahi koho ʻē aʻe no nā ʻāina māmā ma nā ʻano o ka hana ʻano. Aia ma kona mau hiʻohiʻona, like ia me nā pā wai, akā he mau ʻāina ka nui o nā hoʻopulapula pālolo, ʻo ia ka mea e pono ai ke hoʻomau ʻana i ka minerula a me nā mea kanu mea, ʻaʻole nui wale ka wela, akā mālama pū ka wela no ka manawa lōʻihi, e hoʻolilo i ka lepo ma lalo a palele lohi aku, hoʻolōʻihi maʻalahi e hana. Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻoholo iā ia ma o ke ʻano like o ka kāwīwī i ka ʻāʻī o ka lepo i loko o kahi manu a i ʻole mea ʻai: inā i hana ʻia, akā ʻaʻole e paʻa i kona ʻano maikaʻi, nā oneone ʻele i mua o kou alo.
Sandy loamy.
Hiki i nā mea āpau ke ulu i nā ʻāina, me nā ala maʻamau o ka ʻenehana mahiai a me nā koho o nā ʻano zoned. ʻO kēia kekahi o nā koho kūpono no nā māla. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole nō e hoʻopiha ʻia nā ʻano hana e hoʻonui ai a mālama i ka hānai no kēia mau ʻāina. Manaʻo ia e hoʻohui pinepine i nā mea kūlohelohe (ma nā hana maʻamau), lūlū i nā moʻomeheu sideral, a me ka mulch.
Maikaʻi ʻāina
ʻO ka lepo loam ka ʻano kūpono o ka lepo no ka ulu ʻana i nā mea kanu hortikolika. He maʻalahi ke kaona ʻana, ka nui o ka nui o nā mea kanu, i ke ea kiʻekiʻe a me ka lawaiʻa wai, hiki ke noho paʻa wale ʻana i ka wai, akā hoʻopuka kaʻi i ke aniani a puni ka pae, a mālama pono i ka wela. Inā ʻoe e lalau i kahi o ka honua i ka lima o kou lima a ʻōwili iā ia, hiki maʻalahi ʻoe ke hana i kahi kīʻī, akā naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki i ke ʻūlū ʻia i loko o ke apo, no ka mea e hāʻule ia i ka wā i hana ʻole ʻia.
Maikaʻi ʻāina.
Ma muli o ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā waiwai i loaʻa, ʻaʻole pono ka ʻāina loamy, akā, pono wale nō e hoʻomau i ka ulu ʻana: mulch, hoʻopuka i ka manure (3-4 kg no 1 pāho m.) No ka ʻeli lohi, a, inā pono, e hānai i nā mea kanu i kanu ʻia ma luna me nā minerala mineral. Hiki ke ulu i nā ʻāina loamy.
ʻO ka lepo mālama
Ho‘oka‘awale ‘ia ka lepo Limestone lepo. Ma ka maʻamau he waiho ia i ke kala ʻula, ʻo ia ka nui o nā pohihihi, kahi ʻano kaiāulu, e hoʻomoʻi koke a hoʻomoʻi i nā pāmina kiʻekiʻe, ke hāʻawi aku i ka hao a me ka manganese i nā mea kanu, a loaʻa iā ia kahi ʻano kaumaha a mālamalama paha. I ka kanu ʻana i nā mea kanu, ua huli nā lau i ka melemele i kēia ʻāina a loaʻa ʻole ka loaʻa ʻole o ka ulu maikaʻi.
ʻO ka lepo mālama.
E hoʻomaikaʻi i ke ʻano a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ulu ʻana o nā ʻōpala calcareous, pono ia e hoʻopili pinepine i nā kolamu kūlohelohe, ʻaʻole wale nō no ka maʻi nui, akā, i ka ʻano o ka mulch, lūlū i nā manure ulu, hoʻopili i nā pā potash.
Hiki iā ia ke ulu ma kēia ʻano o ka ʻāina, akā, akā me nā hoʻokele pinepine o ka lālani-spacing, nā manawa kūpono a me ka noʻonoʻo maikaʻi ʻana o ka minima a me nā loina organik. E hoʻopili ka wai momona ʻōpala: nā ʻuala, ka ʻaka, ka ʻeha, nā kāloti, ka paukena, ka ʻōpala, nā kukama a me ka pulupulu, no laila pono ʻoe e hānai iā lākou me nā māla e hoʻohālikelike ai i ka wai, a ʻaʻole alkalinize i ka lepo (no ka laʻana, ammonium sulfate, urea).
Lōu ʻāina
Loaʻa hoʻi i nā palapala piʻi a i ʻole nā lau peʻa no ke kaohi ʻana o nā kīhāpai māla. Akā, paʻakikī e kapa iā lākou i maikaʻi no ka ulu ʻana i nā mea kanu: ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka nui o nā mea kanu i loko o lākou no nā mea kanu, hopu koke lākou i ka wai, akā hāʻawi koke lākou, ʻaʻole e hoʻomehana maikaʻi, ʻike pinepine ka pālahalaha kiʻekiʻe. Akā, e mālama pono nā ʻāina i nā kōmala mineral a maʻalahi e hoʻokō.
Peaty medium decomposed ka lae o ka lepo sod-podzolic.
No ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka pā pono o nā ʻāina marshy, pono ka hoʻomoʻa i ka honua me ka one (no ka mea pono ke hoʻokō ʻia i ka ʻalā hohonu no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka one mai nā papale lalo) a i ʻole ka palaoa wili, hoʻopili pono i ka limu ʻokoʻa ʻana i nā koho acidic, e mālama pono i ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā manaʻo o nā microorganisms pono i ka honua (hoʻopuka manure, lepo. wai, hoʻokahe, mai haʻalele i nā mea hoʻohui me ka microbiological), mai poina e pili ana i ka hoʻomoʻa potash a me ka phosphorus.
Inā waiho ʻoe i kahi māla ma nā kāla peaty, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka kanu ʻana i nā kumulāʻau i loko o nā lua, me nā ʻāina pilikino no ka moʻomeheu, a i nā puʻu hāmeʻa me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka 0.5 a 1 m.
Ma lalo o ke kīhāpai, e hoʻomohala pono i ka ʻāina, a i ʻole, me ka mahi ʻana i nā ʻeleʻeleʻeleʻele, e kau i ka papa lepo a ninini i ka pāpaʻi i kāwili ʻia me ka wai, mea hoʻomalu a me ka lime ma luna. Akā inā ʻoe e ulu wale i nā gooseberries, currants, chokeberries ʻeleʻele a me nā kīlaʻai o ka māla, a laila ʻole ʻoe e hana i kekahi mea - ka wai wale nō a hoʻomoʻa i nā lau, no ka mea ua pōmaikaʻi kēia mau huaʻai i ka ʻāina me ka ʻole ke kanu.
ʻIleʻele
A, ʻoiaʻiʻo, e ʻōlelo ana i nā lepo, he paʻakikī ke haʻi ʻole i nā chernozems. I ko mākou mau manawa kauwela ʻaʻole i ʻike pinepine ʻia, akā pono e nānā pono.
Chernozem.
ʻO nā Chernozems he mau momona momona kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka hoʻonohonoho paʻa-grany paʻa, kahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o humus, ka pākuʻi kiʻekiʻe o ke kō, nā wai ʻāpono wai maikaʻi a me ka wai e hoʻopaʻa ana iā mākou e hōʻike iā lākou e like me ke koho maikaʻi no ka ulu ʻana i nā hua. Eia naʻe, e like me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe, makemake lākou e hoʻokaʻawale loa mai ka hoʻohana mau ʻana, no laila, ma hope o 2 a 3 mau makahiki ma hope o ko lākou hoʻomohala ʻana, ua ʻōlelo ʻia e hoʻohui i nā mea kanu kūlohelohe i nā moena, e lūlū i nā ʻano kīlaha.
Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole hiki ke kapa ʻia nā chernozems i nā ʻeleʻele māmā, ma ka kumu o kēia, ua hāiʻi pinepine ʻia lākou e ka noi ʻana i ke one a me ka maʻa. Hiki iā lākou ke hoʻōla wai, kūleʻa a me ka alkaline, pono hoʻi ia e hoʻoponopono ai.
Chernozem.
I mea e ʻike pono ai ʻoe i ka ʻāina ʻeleʻele i mua o ʻoe, pono ʻoe e lawe i ka malihini o ka honua a hoʻopaʻa i loko o kou pala o kou lima, kahi kīleʻe wiwo ʻole e noho mau ma kou lima.
ʻO kekahi poʻe ke hilahila i ka chernozem me ka pit - aia kekahi ʻano no ka nānā ʻana i kēia: pono ʻoe e pīpī i kahi ʻōpū maloʻo o ka lepo ma kou lima a waiho i ka lā - e hoʻomaloʻo koke ka popo, ʻo ka chernozem e noho mau i ka makuku no ka lōʻihi.
