Phytopathogenic Mycoplasmas - nā pathogens o nā mea kanu

Ua ʻike pinepine ʻia ʻo Mycoplasmas he mau pathogens o nā maʻi kanaka a me nā holoholona. Mycoplasmas (phytoplasm) - loaʻa nā pathogens o nā mea kanu wale nō i ka makahiki 1967. Ua ʻike ʻia e nā mea ʻepekema ʻo Iapana e hoʻohana ana i ka mikroskop elektron i loko o ka phloem o nā lāʻau mulberry i loaʻa i ka dwarfism. ʻO kēia mau mea ola like mycoplasma (IGO) phytopathogenic. Loaʻa ʻia ua lawe ʻia lākou mai ka mea kanu cicadas, lau ʻōpū (xyllides) a ʻaʻano a e hōʻeha i nā maʻi e like me "kaomi maalea" a me nā panina. E like me nā waiwai o MPO, ua like lākou i nā mea pili i ka hui mycoplasma. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole like i ka mycoplasmas holoholona, ​​ka mea i loaʻa i waho o nā pona, ua ʻike ʻia nā phytoplasmas i loko o nā hale.

ʻO nā hōʻike maopopo loa o ka hele ʻana o phytoplasmas i nā mea kanu i hāʻawi ʻia e ka mikroscopy electron o nā ʻāpana o nā kiko o nā mea kanu. Ua kōkua ʻo ia e maopopo i nā mea he 100 o ka phytoplasmas. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ua make nā kumu kumu nui o nā maʻi nui, e like me "witch brooms" a me ka jaundice, ʻaʻole he mau mea maʻi, e like me ka mea i manaʻo mua ai, akā he phytoplasmas. Hoʻopili kēia i ka asters jaundice, ka wai laue ʻeleʻele, nā kolamu pōkole, ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana, a me nā lau terry, ka ʻū ʻana o nā hua citrus, ka ʻuʻuku liʻiliʻi o ka pakano (dwarfism) o ka mulberry, proliferation a me nā kumulā liʻiliʻi-fruited, ʻumea phallodia, ʻeliima ka ʻūmole ma mua o ka 50, etc. mau maʻi maʻi ma mua.

Phytoplasm - kahi hui kikoʻī o nā mea phytopathogenic hana e noho ana i kahi kikowaena waena ma waena o nā pōʻino a me nā puʻupaʻa. He mea maʻi polymorphic lākou. Hōʻalo ʻia kā lākou mau huakaʻi, akā he mau elongated a dumbbell paha kekahi. ʻO ka organy phytoplasmic like like me nā pūpū o nā nui like ʻole a me nā ʻano. No laila, nā phytoplasms o ka spherical, oval, elongated a me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe i loaʻa i loko o nā sela phloem o nā mea kanu kolana. O ke anawaena o nā sela he 0.1-1 kūloko.

ʻAʻole hele kahi pā celly maoli nā phytoplasmas, kahi e hoʻopuni ʻia e ka pālahalaha pelemaka ʻekolu-ʻāpana, ʻo ia ka ʻano o nā huakini. Hoʻohālikelike ia me nā maʻi maʻi, e hōʻike ʻia e ke ʻano hana o ka cellular a me ka hiki ke hōʻuluʻulu i luna o ka media nutrative art. Ma nā pāpā ākea pākuhi, hana lākou i nā kolone liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi e like me nā hua moa. ʻAʻole i like me nā palupalu viral, aia nā celly phytoplasm i ʻelua mau mea o nā nucleic acid (DNA a me RNA) a me nā ribosom e kokoke kokoke loa i nā ribosome bacterial. ʻO Phytoplasmas, ʻaʻole like me nā maʻi bakela, kūpaʻa i ka penicillin, akā uaʻae i ka tetracycline i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā maʻi.

E like me ka helu ʻānō o kēia manawa, ua hui pū ʻia nā phytoplasmas Nā Mollicutes, ʻoiai e hana ana lākou i ka hui heterogeneous o nā mea ola. Kahi ʻia i ka pono i ka meaʻai 2 kauoha: Mycoplasmatalesnā mea e pono ai nā kolamu, a Acholeplasmatales, no ka mea ʻaʻole pono ia. I ka 'ohana Mycoplasmataceae komo i nā anaerobes facultative-hilinaʻi steroid. Lunamakaainana ʻohana Spiroplasmataceae loaʻa ka hoʻomākeʻe nui, ma muli o ka hiki i ke neʻe ʻana o ka neʻe ʻana o nā ʻano kikoʻī. Kaukaʻi ʻia hoʻi lākou i ka sterola. ʻO nā maʻi kaulana loa i hoʻomake ʻia e nā pathogens o kēia pūʻulu ka ʻupena paʻa citrus, ʻo ka dwarf palaoa (Corn stunt) a me ka niu (Cocos ctunt). I waena o nā maʻi ʻino loa e pili ana i ka phytoplasmas mai ka ʻohana Acholeplasmataceae, hiki i kekahi ke hoʻomaopopo i ka kolamu o kāmato, alkaline liʻiliʻi-lea liʻiliʻi, phyllodia o ka mea manu. Hiki i kēia mau microorganism ke komo i loko o nā kiko o nā mea kanu ma o ke kumu o ke aʻa a hana i nā loli kūikawā i ka morphogenesis.

Hōʻikeʻike ʻia nā phytoplasmas e kahi ʻano o ka hoʻohālikelike: ka ʻōpala, ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā puka o nā kaulahao a me nā mea filamentary, ke ʻano o nā kino ʻala i loko o nā ʻāpana a me nā kulekele lua. Hoʻopuka hele ka māhele Cytoplasmic i ka hoʻohui genome.

He meaʻino loa ka Phytoplasmas. ʻAʻole kanu nā mea kanu i ka hua a pau paha, a i ʻole ka hāʻule i ka hua. ʻO kēia no ka mea me ka phytoplasmosis, ke ulu nei ka ulu a me ka hoʻolālā ʻana o nā mea kanu, ua ʻike ʻia ka dwarfism. ʻO kekahi hōʻailona ʻano like o nā maʻi phytoplasmic ʻo nā loli pathological i nā kumupua generative, i hōʻike ʻia i loko o ke kaala ʻana o nā pua (nighthade columns), i ka hoʻololi ʻana o kā lākou poʻe pilikino i loko o nā ʻano ʻano lau (blackcurrant reversion, clover phallodia, etc.).

Nui nā hōʻailona e hāpai ana i nā mea kanu i ka wā e maʻi ʻia me ka phytoplasmas e kiko i ka kūlohelohe a ʻaʻole i kū ʻia i ka wā e hele pū me nā pathogens. ʻO kēlā mau hiʻohiʻona o phytoplasmoses e pili ana i "mau nāhelehe", he nui nā pua spindle-ʻano, nā mea kanu hemolele. Nā hōʻailona o ka callodia clover, hoʻohuli i ka pōkole, kolamu poʻo a me nā maʻi ʻē aʻe, ʻike maopopo ʻia, ma muli o kahi haunaele i ka hopena o nā hana a nā mea kanu lāʻau.

Me ka phytoplasmosis, aia nō kekahi mau hōʻailona i loaʻa i nā maʻi maʻi viral: nonspecific deformations o nā ʻanoʻokoʻa o ke ʻano, wilting, necrosis, nā lau liʻiliʻi, a me nā mea like ma ka lāʻau like ʻole e nānā a like i ka wā a me ka sequentially: chlorosis laulā, anthocyanosis, hōʻōlohelohe, deformation organ, wilting. No laila, hiki i kahi kiʻi piha o ka maʻi i loko o ia mau hihia ke hana wale nō ma hope o ka nānā ʻana i ka mea kanu i ka dinamics, i.e., i ka wā ulu nui.

Mau ka phytoplasmas i ka phloem, ka mea nui o nā kī sieve, a, me he mea laʻana, ua hūnā ʻia ma ka ʻōnaehana holoʻokoʻa.

Nui nā ʻano he nui o ka spylogenetic lāʻau ākea a hiki ke kau i ka nui o nā mea kanu. No laila, ʻo ka phytopathogen e kumu ai i ka jaundice astra ka mea i hoʻonāukiuki i nā kāloti, celery, nā ʻōpala a me nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe. Ka poʻi pōhone pili i nā mea kanu o ka ʻohana nighthade, me nā hua ʻē aʻe o nā ʻohana ʻē aʻe e like me ka bindweed, spurge, thistle, etc. kekahi o phytoplasmas iʻike nui loa, no ka laʻana, ka pathogen of blackcurrant reversion infects only currants.

ʻO nā mea halihali Phytoplasm ka nui o nā ʻano cicadas, nā lau leona, a me nā mea lawe māmā. Nui ka nui o nā parasites i loko o ke kino o ka vector insect. Loaʻa i kēia pepeke nā mea hiki ke hoʻouna i ka maʻi koke koke ʻole, akā ma hope o kekahi manawa (latent) manawa. I ka wā o ka latent, hoʻonui ka phytoplasm i loko o ke kino o ka iniseti, a laila neʻe mai ka iwi mai loko mai o ka puna a me ka lawena wai. Mai kēia manawa, hiki i ka pepeke ke hoʻouna i ka pathogen i ka mea kanu. Ua kapa ʻia kekahi ala like o ka hoʻoili ʻia o nā maʻi, me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ke kino o ka mea lawe, ka mea i lawe ʻia hāhā.

Hiki ke mālama ʻia ka phytoplasmas i nā kōla mea kanu ola: ma nā kōpuna, nā hua kanu, nā puna, nā aʻa, rhizomes o nā lau nahele. Noho nui nā ʻano honu ulu i loko o nā mea kanu ulu, e hōʻike ana i ke ʻano o nā maʻi, a ma lalo wale nō nā kūlana maikaʻi e hoʻomōhala ʻia. I nā lau nahele nahele, a me ka mea hana manuahi, phytoplasmas hiki ke hoʻomau a hoʻonui hou i ka wā lōʻihi. ʻO nā mea kanu mau, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka hoʻoilo, ka rhizome, a me nā hua kanu, hiki ke lilo i mea mālama phytoplasm.

Hiki i kahi mea kanu lāʻau o kahi pathogen ke kumu o ka maʻi ʻohi no kahi mea kanu i ʻōlelo inā loaʻa i kahi ʻano neʻe paʻa i waena o lākou, ʻo ia hoʻi, inā e ʻai ka mea lawe i nā mea kūlohelohe a me nā mea kanu. Ke kīhāpai o nā mea kanu ma ka wahi o ka manaʻo kūlohelohe o ka maʻi, i hoʻolako ʻia e neʻe mai nā mea lawe mai ke ʻano kūlohelohe i nā mea kanu huaʻai, i mea e hoʻopōlohelohe ai o ka pathogen i nā huaʻai

Ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā foci kūlohelohe no nā phytoplasmas he nui. No ka laʻana, i ko mākou ʻāina, i ka Czech Republic a me Slowakia, phytoplasm, ka mea e hoʻonā ai i kahi kolamu o ka pō, ʻo ia ka mea i loaʻa i nā mea kanu a me nā mauʻu ʻē aʻe, mai ka mea i hoʻolilo ʻia ai i nā huaʻai a me nā pā. Ma Skotlandia, hoʻoili ʻia ka pathogen o ka wī i ka mea kanu wale nō mai nā mea kanu hihiu.

ʻO ka nui o ka phytoplasmosis e hilinaʻi i ka helu o nā vectors pepeke. No ka laau, ma na aina o Europa Hikina i 1953. ʻO Columnar he maʻi ākea nui o ka pateta i ka wā mua o 60s. hoʻomaka ʻo ia e hālāwai me ka ʻōpō, a i ka 1963-1964. ua hoʻonui hou ʻia ka ulu ʻana o kēia maʻi. ʻO ka prevalence o ka kolamu e pili ana me kahi loli i ka heluna o ka cicadas (Hyaleathes obsoletus), ʻo ia ka mea nui no ka pathogen: ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nui o nā mea lawe, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka lawe ʻana i ka kolamu. Kuhi pinepine ʻia nā mea kanu phytoclasmoses i nā wahi i ʻike ʻia nā manawa me ka ea kiʻekiʻe i makemake ʻia no nā mea lawe phytoplasm.

Ke hōʻike nei i ka phytoplasmosis, ʻaʻole wale nā ​​hōʻailona o ka maʻi, i ʻike ʻia, akā, ʻo ka ʻikepili hoʻi o ka loiloi mikroskopika electron o nā kiko o nā mea maʻi maʻi. Hoʻohana ʻia nā mea kanu lāʻau e hoʻomaopopo i ka phytoplasmas. ʻO kēia mau mea kanu i ka pane ʻana i ka maʻi phytoplasmas e hāʻawi i nā hōʻailona maʻalahi loa. ʻAʻole hoʻoili ʻia nā Phytoplasmas me ka hua kanu, no laila, no ka nānā ʻana, ʻo ka lihi o ka pana o ka mea i hoʻopuni ʻia e hoʻopili ʻia i ka mea kanu lāʻau.

ʻO ke ʻano phytoplasmic o ka maʻi e kōkua i ka hoʻokumu ʻōnaehana microbiological. ^ E Ha yM. Aia ia ma ia ʻano iho: ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ke kumu kumu o ka maʻi i ka moʻomeheu maʻemaʻe; hoʻopili iā lākou me kahi mea kanu; ma hope o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā hōʻailona e like me ka mea mua, ke hoʻokaʻawale hou nei ka pathogen i kahi moʻomeheu maʻemaʻe (kaʻina Koch triad). ʻO ka hōʻike pololei ʻana o ka ʻano phytoplasmic o ka maʻi ka pane o nā pathogen i ka tetracycline antibiotics.

I ka ʻike ʻana i nā maʻi phytoplasmic, ka hopena o ka pale ʻana i ko lākou uluʻana ma lalo o nā kūlana kanu i nā media lāʻau e hoʻohana ana i ka antisera kikoʻī.

Ma hope o ka noi ʻana o nā palapala palapala i hoʻopili ʻia me ka antiserum ma kahi pānaehana paʻa i kahi mea i hoʻohālikelike ʻia ai nā ʻano nui, ʻike ʻia ka nānā ʻana i nā mea pili pili.

ʻO ka hakakā me nā maʻi phytoplasmic e pili ana i kēia aʻe therapeutic a me nā mea pale:

• loaʻa a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kanu kūpono;
• ka luku ʻana i nā nāhelehele o nā limu phytoplasm;
• luku ʻana o nā mea i hoʻopulu ʻia;
• ka hoʻomalu ʻana i nā vectors pepeke (cicadas);
• ka pānaʻi ʻana o nā ʻano mea kanu kūʻaole;
• quarantine a me ka hōʻoia no ka kanu ʻana a me nā lako hua;
• e ulu ana nā mea kanu ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka mahiʻai.

Hoʻohana ka ʻike o ka phytoplasmas i ka papa lāʻau tetracycline e hakakā iā lākou ma o ka mālama ʻana i nā mea kanu me nā hopena antibiotic. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka hoʻōla pinepine ʻana o nā mea kanu me kahi hopena 0.5-1% o ka tetracycline hydrochloride me kahi manawa o 3-5 mau lā i hui pū ʻia ai me ka lau preplant o nā aʻa a me ka irrigation me ka hopena o ka neʻe like nui e pale i ka hana nui a pathogen. I kekahi mau lā ma hope o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa, palupalu nā hōʻailona o nā maʻi a nalowale. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole ka huki o ka mea kanu, a i kekahi manawa ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ka mālama ʻana, ʻike hou ʻia nā hōʻailona o ka maʻi. I nā hoʻokolohua ʻana o ka All-Russian Research Institute no Plant Protection (VIZR), mālama i nā mea kanu me tetracycline a e inu ana paha iā lākou ma lalo o ke aʻa me ka hoʻonā ʻana i hoʻomālamalama i ka ʻike ʻana i nā hōʻailona kolana ma ka kamaliʻi no 2-3 mau mahina. ʻO Phytoplasmosis (dwarfism) o ka mulberry i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ke kaomi ʻana o nā aʻa o nā hua peʻa i kahi hopena ʻoi.

ʻO ka maʻi (lapaʻau) me nā antibiotika e ikaika loa i nā maʻi lāʻau phytoplasmic, akā ua pāpā ʻia ke hoʻohana ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau lāʻau lapaʻau i ka mahiʻai o ko mākou ʻāina. Ma kēia mea, ʻimi ikaika no ka lāʻau lapaʻau lāʻau ʻole no ka mālama ʻana i ka phytoplasmosis.

ʻO kahi ala kūpono o ka lāʻau kanu mai ka phytoplasmoses kahi o ka therm therapy. ʻO ka hoʻoneʻe ʻana o ka hapa nui o nā mea kanu mycoplasmas ma lalo o ke koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi no nā mea kanu hale, hiki iā ia ke hoʻomehana i nā mea kanu āpau a i ʻole nā ​​mea kanu. No laila, e hoʻopau i ka mea kanu o ka "path bracesticks" pathogen "e mālama ʻia ana i kahi mahana o 36 ^{e pili ana}C no nā lā b, nā mea kanu kulekele mai ke ala o nā pua pua - ma ke 40^{e pili ana}C - 10 lā.

Nā Palapala Hana:

• Popkova. K.V. / Phytopathology aoao: kahi puke paʻi no nā kula kiʻekiʻe / K.V. Popkova, V.A. Shkalikov, Yu.M. Stroykov et al. - 2nd ed., Rev. a hoʻohui. - M .: Drofa, 2005 .-- 445 p .: Ill. - (Nā Kākau o ka ʻepekema kūloko.