Pono - Meaʻai olakino no nā mea kanu

ʻ usuallylelo pinepine nā kānaka ʻo kēlā me kēia māla maikaʻi e pono ke pūpuna. ʻAʻole pono ia i nā hana o kāu kikowaena loea kūikawā a i ʻole nā hana ʻana mai ka māla lāʻau a me nā kumu he ʻawale. ^ E Ha yM. Eia kekahi, mālama ka mea ola, kālā a me ka manawa no ke kūʻai ʻana i nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe, no ka hoʻoulu ʻia ʻana a me ka hana ʻai, a me ka ʻoki ʻana hoʻi i ka ʻōpala, no ka mea, e hele pololei ka mahina ʻai a me ka kīhāpai i ka ʻōpala. E nānā pono i kahi e hoʻomaka ai.

Hōʻailona (mai lat. Compositus - pūhui) - nā kūmole organik e hua ana mai ka decomposition o nā meaʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa i lalo o ka mana o ka hana a nā microorganisms.

Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā mea kūlohelohe, hiki i ka nui o nā mea kanu i loaʻa i nā mea kanu (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and others), pathogenic microflora and helminth egg is neutralized, the number of cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin zatines emi (they cause the transition of soluble form of lepo nitrogen and phosphorus to organic form kurang the absorbed by plant), the pupuk maloʻo, hoʻopau ʻia kāna noi. i ka lepo.

Hoʻohana ʻia nā kumu kālā no nā mea kanu a pau, ma kahi like o nā koina me ka manure (1.5-4 kg / sq.m). ^ E Ha yM. Lawe ʻia lākou i kahi pālua (ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo ka ʻōlelo pānaʻi iā lākou ma kahi māla hou, no ka laʻana, ma mua o ke kanu ʻana i ka ʻuala), ma lalo o ka hoʻoilo a me ka ʻoka ʻana, i nā lua i ke kanu ʻana i nā hua kanu. ʻAʻole haʻahaʻa loa ka Composting i ka manure i nā hua o ka hoʻomalu, a me kekahi o lākou (no ka laʻana, ka peat moss me ka palaoa phosphorite) iʻoi aku ma mua o ia.

Hoʻomaikaʻi

He maikaʻi a maikaʻi ka male ʻana ma nā ʻano āpau. No nā mea kanu, ʻo ka puʻu i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka lepo kahi mea kanu organik maikaʻi, hoʻopiha ʻia me nā mea i ʻike ʻia a me nā humus. ^ E Ha yM. No ka lepo - kahi kūlana kūlohelohe, kahi ala e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ke kaila o ka lepo, kahi loosening a me ka hopena o ka mālama ʻana i ka wai. Lākahi i kahi papa ʻāina, ka momona kahi momona mulch e kūleʻa ana i mea e pale ai i ka ulu lāʻau a kōkua i ka mālama ʻana i ka mako i nā aʻa o nā mea kanu. Noho mahalo ka poʻe noho o ka māla i ka puʻu puna. ʻO kahi keʻena ʻaina maikaʻi maikaʻi loa no nā manu a me nā holoholona manuahi insectivorous maikaʻi loa, a me kahi wahi no ka nui o ka noho ʻana a me ka hānai ʻana i nā ʻōpū, kahi (me nā huapili a me nā hua manu) maoli ka decompose mea pilikino.

I ka wā e hoʻokō ai i kāu māla ponoʻī, ʻaʻole pono ke wela i ka launa ʻana o nā kīhāpai, nā lau kahiko, ka pepa, ka pepa a me ka pepa pahu, me ka hana ʻino ʻana i ka lewa a me nā hoalauna me ka uwahi.. ^ E Ha yM. ʻAʻole pono e kūʻai i nā mea kanu synthetic a me nā lepo māla kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe. ʻAʻole ia he mea hoʻonāukiuki e ʻōlelo aku i ka hana ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana o kā mākou ponoʻī hoʻokahi i hoʻomaʻamaʻa nui ʻia i ke ola o kahi māla lāʻau a kōkua i ka pale i ke kaiapuni. ʻO ka māla manuahi i hoʻohana ʻole ʻia a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka māla wai ma kahi o nā mea kanu weliweli a me ke kumukūʻai ʻoi aku nā mea nui o ka manaʻo o ka māla lau o ke kolo.

Nā mea kūlohelohe e pili ana i ka hoʻokaʻawale o nā mea ola

E hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka ʻekala o nā mea kūlohelohe e nā kumu he nui, kahi e ʻokoʻa ai nā ʻano nui ʻekolu.

1. Oxygen

Aia ka hana hoʻohua no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka oxygen. Hoʻopuka ka Aerobic i ke ʻano he microbes ikaika i loko o ka puʻu e pono ai ka oxygen, ʻoiai decompos ka anaerobic, ʻo ia ka mea e pono ai nā mikrobes i ka oxygen no ke ola a me ka ulu. Ka wela, ka haʻahaʻa, ka nui o ka nui o ka nohona, a me ka loaʻa o nā mea kanu e hoʻoholo ai i ka nui o ke oxygen e pono ai no ka composting

2. Humuna

Pono e mālama i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i loko o ka pulupulu (compost), akā pono e hoʻolako i ka lewa o nā ea aerobic. ^ E Ha yM. Loaʻa i nā ʻano mea like ʻole ke ʻano wai ʻole o ka wai, a no laila e hoʻoholo i ka nui o ka wai e pono ai no ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka lāʻau a me nā kaona e like me ka ʻōpala, ka wahie, nāʻuʻa, kaʻuhele a ʻōpala paha e hoʻopaʻa i ka 75-85 pakeneka hanu. ʻO nā kolamu Green, e like me ka mauʻu a me nā mea kanu, hiki ke loaʻa ka 50-60 pakeneka.

Hōʻike ka mole haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa i kahi e hōʻike ʻia ai ka hana o nā microorganisms he 12-15 pakeneka, ʻo ka mea kūpono loa 60-70%. ʻIke iki, hoʻohaʻahaʻa ka haʻahaʻa o ka papahū o ka compost i ka mea hoʻokūkū, ʻoi aku ka lohi o ke kaʻina o ka hana compost. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka ʻike i hiki ke lilo i ka haʻahaʻa i ka mea hiki ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma lalo o 45-50%.

3. Keʻano

ʻO ka mahana ke kumu nui i ka hoʻopili ʻana. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka mahana o ke kauwela haʻahaʻa i ka hoʻoilo e hoʻolōʻihi i ka heleʻana o ke kaʻina loea, aʻo nā mahana wela ke kauwela e hoʻolōʻihi i ka hana. I nā mahina mahana o ka makahiki, ʻo ka hana ma ka nui o ka microbiological i loko o ka puʻu wai hoʻomake i ke kūkulu ʻana i ka hoʻoponopono i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe loa. ʻO nā microbes e hoʻokaʻawale i nā mea ola i nā ʻāpana he nui: mesospheric, nā mea e ola a ulu a ma kahi wela o 10 ° C - 45 ° C, a me nā thermophilic, nā mea e ulu kūleʻa ana i nā mahana ma luna o 45 ° C. ʻO ka nui o nā ʻōpala ma nā hana mua e hele i ke kuʻuna o ka thermophilic. Ma kēia kahua, ʻike koke ka mea kūlohelohe, a pono lākou e mālama mau ʻia a hoʻoweliweli. Kūleʻa ke kūlana o loko o ka pulupulu wai i 60-70 ° C, kahi i hāʻawi ʻia i ka hoʻomehana thermal o nā mea kūlohelohe. I kēia ana wela, ua luku ʻia nā hua huehue a me nā microorganisms pathogen (phytopathogenic). Akā mai poina iā ʻoe inā he hopena kēia hopena, pono kahi kūpono o nā mea kūlohelohe.

Hana ka pae hou i kahi mahana ma kahi o 40 ° C, aʻo nā microorganism iʻoi aku ka nui a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā mea kūlohelohe.

I ka hana hope o ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i ka wai, ua like kona kūlike me ka nui o ke ana, kahi ʻeka o ka honua mai loko mai o ka pu. Hoʻopili ʻia ka mea i ka humus.

ʻO ka maʻalahi a ma ka manawa like e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ke kaʻina hana ʻoi aʻe ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā baki kūlohelohe kūikawā i ka biomass i ka papa mua o ka hoʻomākaukau.

Ma kēia hihia, ʻo ka mea mua, ua hoʻomaka ʻia nā microorganism i koho e hoʻomaka i ka biomass koke a me ka wikiwiki nui, a me ka lua, ua pau nā ʻano ʻalaʻu a me nā mea ʻona maikaʻi ʻole.

ʻO kahi ala e hoʻolōʻihi ai

Inā ʻoe e ʻili ʻoe i ka ʻili, nā kumulāʻau lāʻau, nāʻuā nā lau, a he aha nā mea ʻē aʻe e hiki mai i ka lima i loko o ka māla, a waiho no ia manawa no kekahi manawa ma kahi kihi (no hoʻi ʻole ka hakahaka o ka ʻike), a laila ma ka hopena o kēia mau lā hele a lilo i loko o ka lua kiʻekiʻe. ^ E Ha yM. E hala i mau makahiki wale nō no kēia kaʻina hana. ʻO kēia ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ka wikiwiki (anu) ka hana o ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana.

Ke hoʻohālikelike nei, e pili ana ka wikiwiki (wikiwiki) i pili i 3-6 mau mahina a hoʻolako ʻia e nā ʻano nui loa: ke komo ʻana i ka lewa, ka hauāmaʻa, ka nui a me ka wela (ke kū ʻana o ke ana ma loko o nā puʻu hoʻoulu nui i hiki ke piʻi ma +85 C!).

1. Pono ʻoe e hana i kahi palaki a i ʻole kahi palupalu no ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana, i hoʻonohonoho ʻia ma kahi wahi. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO nā pono o kahi hoʻolālā lāʻau no ka hana compost ka mea e hiki ai i ka ea ke hele ma loko a mālama i ka pono maikaʻi. Hiki ke kūʻai ʻia kēia hoʻolālā ma ka hale māla a i ʻole ʻoe iho. No kahi kūleʻa kūleʻa, ʻo ke kiko o ka lāʻau lāʻau pono he liʻiliʻi ma ka 1 m3 (1x1x1). ʻO ka ipu poli, ma ka huli ʻana, mālama paʻa i ka wela a ʻoi aku ka mākaʻi ʻia; hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i nā wahi like ʻole ma ka māla. Pono kekahi ʻōnaehana compost ke papa poʻokela a i ʻole ʻaoʻao pae paha (ʻaʻohe mau kīʻaha palaki ma kahi o lalo a i ʻole ko lalo o kēia pae) no ke maʻalahi o ka hoʻopiʻi i hana ʻia.

2. E waiho ma lalo loa e pili ana i 10 cm o nā mea maloʻo - mauʻu, mauʻu, ʻōpala a i ʻole nā mea kanu wai. ^ E Ha yM. Pono kēia e hōʻoia i ka hoʻoheheʻe a me ka loaʻa o ka ea.

3. E waiho i nā mea waiwai i nā pihi ʻokoʻa. ^ E Ha yM. No ka laʻana, ma kahi o nā lau o ka lau a i ʻole ka lau o ka hua, waiho i kahi papa o ka pepa ʻokiʻoki, a laila kahi papa liʻiliʻi o ka lau nāʻu, a laila e pae ʻia i kahi lau o ka lau makahiki, a laila he papala o nā lau o ka makahiki i hala a pēlā aku. He mea nui ia me nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo ("ʻūmū a palupalu") ʻokoʻa me nā pelekele ("maloʻo a paʻakikī") - e hāʻawi kēia i ka hōʻola, e hoʻolōʻihi i ka hana, a ma ka wā e hiki mai - kahi huaʻōlelo maikaʻi o ka kompos. Mai hōʻeu paha a compact nā manaʻo i kēia mea;

4. Ma luna o kēlā me kēia papa, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohui i kahi honua a i ʻole ka manure i hoʻoneʻe i ka herbivores e wikiwiki ai i ke kaʻina hana.. ^ E Ha yM. I nā kikowaena māla, kūʻai ʻia nā "mea wikiwiki" o ka hoʻokūkū, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana iā lākou. ʻO nā catalds no ka hoʻonāukiuki hou ka lāʻau hou a ʻokiʻoki i nā lau a me nā legumes e hōʻiliʻili ai i ka nitrogen i kā lākou kumu. Hoʻonui koʻikoʻi nui i ka maikaʻi o nā mea kanu i hoʻopau i nā mea waiwai: nettle, comfrey, yarrow, dandelion a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.

5. E hoʻomau i ka ʻōnaehana hoʻolālā compost uhi ʻia ma luna o ka mālama i ka pae haʻahaʻa kūpono a mālama i ka wela. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka kīʻaha plastik i loaʻa i ke kihi, a no nā mea i hana ʻia i ka lāʻau hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i ke kālaʻai, kahi ʻāpana o ka hale kahiko a i ʻole kekahi mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO ke anuanu kūpono no ka hoʻouluʻana i ka mīkini ma +55 C.

6. Mai ke kau manawa, e huli ka ʻike i mea e ʻae ai i ka ea i loko o ka puʻupuʻu i hopena.

ʻO nā mea hoʻohālikelike Rotary kahi mea i ʻike hou ʻia.. ^ E Ha yM. Hāʻawi kēia mau hana i ka hoʻokupu ma loko o ka manawa pōkole (e like me nā mea hana ma 2 mau hebedoma) ma muli o ke kahe like ʻana o nā mea a me nā wela i loko o ka pahu. Pono wale ka māla hale e ke kaomi i ka hoʻolālā i ʻelua manawa i ka lā, ʻaʻole paʻakikī ke hana me ke kōkua o kahi kāʻei kūikawā. ʻO ka nui o kēia hoʻohālike e 340 lita.

7. I ka maloʻo (i nā ʻōnaehana boardwalk hāmama) a i ʻole i ka mana o nā mea brown i nā mea o loko o ka puʻupuʻu, pono ke mālama ʻia ka nui o ka moʻo e nā ʻōpala. ^ E Ha yM. Hōʻalo i ka stagnation o ka wai i ka ʻōnaehana compost, e hōʻole kēia i ke kaʻina hoʻōki.

8. ʻO nā mea ʻono ʻole mai ka ʻike o ka hīnaʻi compost hōʻike i kahi e wāwahi ʻia a hele hewa ke kaʻina. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka hiona o ka ammonia (amoni) a i ʻole nā hua manu i hōʻike ʻia i ka nui o nā mea ʻenemi i loaʻa i ka nitrogen (waiho i ka uliuli) i loko o ka pulupulu a me ka hapa ʻole o ka oxygen. I kēia hihia, pono e hoʻohui ʻia nā lako ʻona (brown).

Inā hana ʻoe i nā mea āpau, a laila ma hope o kekahi mau mahina, pono ka ʻike o ka pulupulu i kahi ʻāpana ʻula a me kahi momona hou o ka honua - nā hōʻailona e mākaukau ana kāu kumukūʻai no ka hoʻohana ʻana ma ka māla.. ^ E Ha yM. Inā ʻoe e hoʻopiha i ka lōʻihi i ka lula (ʻo ia ka mea nui me ka hoʻomohala mau ʻana), a laila pono ʻoe e hoʻomaka e koho i ka nīnū pau ma lalo. A laila e neʻe i lalo nā papale kiʻekiʻe, e hoʻokaʻawale i kahi o nā mea hou.

Nā Leaf humus

Hoʻolaha ʻia nā huaʻai e nā lāʻau a me nā mea kanu lāʻau, decomppos, hoʻonui i ka lepo me ka humus. ^ E Ha yM. No ka hoʻomākaukau i ka lau humus lau, ua kūpono ia e hoʻohana i kahi pahu mesh (ʻoi like me ka compost), ʻōhumu ʻia kēlā me kēia ʻōpū o nā lau 13-20 cm e hoʻonui ʻia i kahi hopena o ka ammonium sulfate. I ka wā lohi, waiho ʻia nā mea ʻai a me nā mea kanu i ka uliuli, perforated (no ka komo ʻana o ka ea), ʻaʻole he mau wahi nui. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻeke waiho ʻia ma kahi kihi mamao o ka māla, a ma o ka pūnāwai he puka humus i loko o lākou. Ua waiho i nā lau i waiho ʻia i loko o nā pahu ākea ma ka lewa ke lōʻihi e hala lōʻihi. No ka hoʻoukaʻana, hoʻohana ʻia nā hua manamana o nā kumulāʻau me nā mea kanu. ʻO nā lau o ka lāʻau mokulele, poplar a me maple i hala lōʻihi i mua o nā lau oak a me beech. ʻAʻole kūpono nā lau o nā evergreens no ka hana ʻana i ka humus. Hoʻomoʻu ʻia ka lau nui i ka lepo a i ʻole hoʻohana ʻia he mulch.

Ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Pūnaewele

I kahi pahu kūpono a hoʻopiha piha, ʻaʻole pono ka compost i ka tedding, no ka mea, ua hele maikaʻi loa ka waiwai.. ^ E Ha yM. I ka puna a me ke kauwela, ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki ma mua o ka hoʻoilo a me ka hoʻoilo. Ke kau nei i loko o ke ea mahana, ua mākaukau ke kāpili no ke hoʻohana ʻana i loko o ʻeono mahina. ʻO ke ʻano o ka puʻu e nānā pōkole ai, a inā hiki, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka pulupapa ua hoʻopau ʻia mai ka waihona mai. ʻO ka ʻōlepa kūleʻa he kiʻi ʻula a me kahi hoʻolālā crumbly maikaʻi loa. Kūpono ka ʻemi hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke kumu no ka waiho ʻana i nā paila hou aʻe. Lawe ʻia ʻo Mulching me nā ʻōlapa pono, no ka mea ma kahi ʻāpana huʻu i pau nā lau he hiki ke mālama ʻia. Kuhi ʻia ka Compost i ka lepo i ka wā o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka hoʻoilo a me ka hoʻoilo ma ka 5.5 kg / m2.

He aha kahi mea e komo ai i loko o ka puʻu:

Holoi hale:

ʻO nā lau ʻala, nā huaʻai, nā kīʻaha, kīwī ʻāpono
Kuke ʻai hapa kuke (i loko o kahi pūnaehana paʻa)
Pau ka ʻai (i loko o kahi ʻōnaehana paʻa)
He lāʻau lāʻau ʻole
ʻAe, ʻōpala
ʻAe lāʻau
Overripe manure o nā lāʻau kanu
Kahu hue i ka lau o ka mea kanu (i ka hepa lohi)
Kāleka maʻamau i ʻokiʻoki (nā ʻeneki, nā ʻeke, ke kīwī, nā kāleka)
Nā lole kūlohelohe ʻokiʻoki

Kālehu lāʻau:

Nā lālā hua lāʻau ma hope o ke kanu i nā kumulāʻau a me nā mea kanu lāʻau
Ua lulu nā lālā a lāʻau i loko o kahi māla lāʻau, ka lāʻau, ka aʻa a me nā aʻa
ʻO ka makahiki i hala (hapa-ʻoki) lau
Miki mauʻu mai ka pākau
Nā nāhele ʻōpio
Ke kai a wai kūlohelohe wai
Lūkū loiloi kumala āpala

He aha nā mea e IKE i ka compost:

Holoi hale:

ʻO nā iwi nui a paʻakikī hoʻi
Pahu holaka
Nā lāala

Kālehu lāʻau:

Nā lau maloʻo o ka wā i kēia manawa
Hoʻomui ka Evergreen
ʻO ka pua a me nā lau o ka rhizome perennial
ʻO nā maʻi i loaʻa i nā maʻi a me nā pōpoki
ʻO nā palu, a me kā lākou hua
Hōʻalo ʻia ma hope o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kanu lāʻau (inā ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia e ka mea hana ʻana i ka mea kanu lāʻau)

E kali ana no kāu ʻōlelo!