ʻOmaʻomaʻu, ʻo nā hōʻuluʻulu mahana ka manawa maikaʻi loa no ka hoʻomohala ʻana ʻana o nā inisiko homoptera proboscis me kahi inoa maikaʻi a nani hoʻi no nā whiteflies. ʻO ka pā manu liʻiliʻi (0.5-3.0 mm) o ke kala keʻokeʻo, nā ʻēheu a me ke kino kahi i hoʻopuni ʻia me ka wai keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo, hiki ke hoʻopā i nā poʻe, inā ʻaʻole no kona hoʻopōʻino. Ua hele mua ʻo Whitefly me kahi pūlohi kūloko o ka ʻāina i mālama ʻia (1870, ʻEnelani), akā, ua loaʻa ma hope ke ʻono i ka nūnū.
ʻO nā Whiteflies i ke kaʻina o nā phylogenesis i kūkulu ʻia ma mua o 200 mau ʻano, a lilo i mea nui o nā pōpoki maʻamau o nā mea kanu, pua a me nā huaʻai hua ʻai o ka ʻāina ākea a paʻa. He poʻe noho mau lākou no nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me nā hale noho, nā hale kahi e kanu nā hale. ʻO nā Whiteflies ka pīpī pale. Ma kahi o 150 mau mea kanu o 53 mau ʻohana e noho ana. He mea lawe nā maʻi i nā maʻi, nā fungal a me nā maʻi maʻi. Hoʻonui lākou i ka pala o ka mea kanu lāʻau, ma lalo o ka ʻeha o nā kumulāʻau ma ke ʻano o ka hua o ka hua, larvae, puparia.
Nā keʻokeʻo, a i ʻole Aleirodids (Aleyrodidae). © Brad BuckNā ʻōmaka keʻokeʻo
I Iune, ua hoʻomaka ka nui o kahi lele o nā keʻokeʻo. E hoʻokokoke ʻoe i kahi moena me nā hua manu, nā ʻaka, nā kukama me ka liʻiliʻi o ka nalu o kou lima, a me kahi ʻulaʻulaʻula e kū aʻe ma luna o ke kanu - he keʻokeʻo kēia. ʻO nā manu Whitefly i loea i ka hana hoʻomohala a makemake i ka hua manu a hoʻopau i kahi mahele nui o ko lākou ola ma nā mea kanu fodder.
ʻO ka mea maʻamau a maʻamau i nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me nā poʻe kauwela i ke kauwela, ʻo Cibe keʻokeʻo ia (ʻO proletella ka Aleyrodes), Kāpaʻa Piopio (Bemisia tabaci), Ka hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ai ʻole ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo,Trialeurodes vaporariorum) I ka manawa pinepine, ka paʻakai ʻōpala lau (Aleurodes fragariae) a me ka pākī manu (Dialeurodes citri) ʻO kēia ka mea i manaʻo ʻia he mea hoʻohālikelike o nā hua citrus. I Lūkini, ʻoi loa ka maʻamau ma nā kapakai o Kīwila ʻo Caucasus.
ʻO nā mea kanu a me nā pua huaʻai, kahi pōpoki miniatur nui e hōʻino ʻia ana nā mea kanu me nā ʻolima (nui-sel) nā kiko: kamato, kukama, zucchini, fuchsia, pelargonium, abutilon, nightshade, gloxinia a me nā mea kanu he nui. No ka hakakā kūleʻa e pili ana i ke keʻokeʻo, pono ia e ʻike i ka neʻe ʻana o ka maʻi ʻōlohelohe, nā manawa maʻalahi loa o ke ola, i ʻole e hoʻopili hou i nā mea kanu me nā mea kanu.
Kāpū Lupa (Aleyrodes proletella). © Amada44 
ʻFlylelo kikowaena pia (Bemisia tabaci).
Greenhouse, a ʻōmaʻomaʻo, whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum). © makana waiwaiKaikōkula hoʻomehana ʻo Whitefly
ʻO ka nui o nā pepeke makua (ʻo nā pākeke) ma muli o nā ʻano, ākea mai ka 0.5-3.0 mm. I kona hoʻomohala ʻana, hala ka ʻeleʻele i ʻekolu mau manawa - ʻolo, hua a me nā nymphs. Puka mai kekahi elemakule ma waho o nā nymph. Hoʻalahalaha ʻia e ka foci. Ma kahi mea kanu kahi i hiki ai nā ʻelele o nā kaʻina āpau o ka hoʻomohala a me nā pepeke makua, e hoʻopili ana i ka pono o ka hoʻomalo i ka maʻi pest. I nā pilina o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā hua a me nā nymphs, ʻaʻole mālama ʻia nā pōpoki i nā pale. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā pale larū i nā mea kanu hanu. I kā lākou kūkuluʻana, hele lākou i 6 mau māhina o ka hōʻala ʻana, ka mea 3 e hui ʻia me ka molting. ʻO kēlā me kēia pae larval hoʻomohala i kūkulu ʻia mai ka 2 a i 4 mau lā. ʻO ka larva o ka makahiki mua (slider) ke neʻe nei i ka neʻe ʻana. Ma ka molt hope loa, kahi hoʻopau o ka VI-instar larva (puparia) i ka hānai, e uhi iā ia iho me ka huina, a hele i loko o ke kahua nymph, kahi e puka mai ai nā keʻokeʻo ma hope o 6 lā. Ua pau ke aikini. Noho ka imago me ke kāne he 12-20 mau hola ma hope o ka haʻalele. ʻO ka hakina ʻana i ka wā o ke ola ka imago e hala i kekahi mau manawa. ʻO 9 ka lōʻihi o ka hoʻomohala hua.
Kaikōkula hoʻomehana ʻo WhiteflyHōʻailona Kahi kikowaena Averaged
No ka mea, ʻo kēlā me kēia ʻano o ka whitefly, ka mea i kau ʻia ma luna o ka mea ʻai, he wā ponoʻī ia o nā pae i ka hoʻomohala a me ke ola o ka pōpio ma ka laulā, hōʻike mākou i nā ʻikepili i hōʻike ʻia e hōʻike ana i kona mau wā he nui.
I ka heluna o nā kānaka i noho ʻia e kahi mahele ʻokoʻa, ʻo ka hapa nui ka hua manu ma ka ʻulaʻula (40-50%) a me nā ʻōmole (a he 40%). Kuhi aku ka pākeke i nā hua ma lalo o ka lau i ka nui o nā hapa 20-280, kahi o 80-94% e ola nei i kahi pepeke ʻelemakule. ʻO ka hoʻolālā ʻana o nā pākeke mai ka wehe ʻana i ka huaʻala i ka puka ʻana mai o nā ʻōpio i hilinaʻi ʻia i ka mea kanu ʻai a me nā mahana kiʻekiʻe. Ma ka awelika, ʻo ka wahine a me nā kāne o nā ʻano pōpoki he hiki ke noho i ka mahana ma waena o ka awelika + 18 ... + 24º,, ʻelua, mai 18 a 24 (a hiki i 60) mau lā a mai ka 12 a 17 mau lā. Ke hoʻonui nei i ka mahana ma + 24 ... + 30 ° C e hōʻemi ana i ke ola o kahi puaʻe pākeke a hiki i ka 4 lā.
ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka oviposition o nā wahine kōmū keʻokeʻo e lōʻihi i ka 18-22 mau lā. Hoʻomau ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka larva i nā lā 7-15. Mai ka nymph a hiki i ka puka ʻana o ka imago - 10-15 mau lā. Hoʻopau ka hoʻomohala o kahi hanauna i ka lā 26-28. I lalo o nā ʻano, hiki i ka nui o nā imago i kēlā me kēia hanauna ke hoʻonui i ka 30-40 mau manawa. I ka wā e ulu nui ana, e hoʻomohala nā hanauna 8-15.
Wahi a nā nānā ʻana o nā poʻe ʻepekema, ʻike ʻia ka make nui loa o ka pūlaka i ka wā o ka hoʻololi o nā ʻōpala keokeo o ka makahiki mua i ka lua, a ʻo ka mea ʻuʻuku - i ka wā e kau ana i ka hua manu a i ka wā e hoʻomohala ana i ka nymph. Akā i ka wā e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ai i nā mea kanu, pono e nānā i nā lā. Inā kūpono ke kūleʻa o ke kai, a laila me ka liʻiliʻi o ka imago, e hoʻonui ka nui kiʻekiʻe o ka nui (a me ka nui) ka helu o nā pōpoki. No laila, pono e hoʻonui i ka nui o nā mea lapaʻau mai 4 a 6-7.
ʻO Larva o ka pua keʻokeʻo. © ʻO Anatoly MikhaltsovNā ala e pale ai i nā mea kanu mai nā keʻokeʻo manu
ʻO ka hoʻohana kaʻawale ʻana i kekahi mau lāʻau lapaʻau ʻaʻole e lawe mai i ka hopena i manaʻo ʻia. Pono pono ka pale ʻana e kūʻē i nā keʻokeʻo, e waiho pū me ka hana a me ka hana o ka hale me nā agrotechnical, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lāʻau kanu me nā mea kanu.
Nā hana kūpono
- I ka wā e ulu a hiki i ka hopena o ka manawa, e hoʻokiʻoki pono i nā hua lāʻau a pau i nā hua a me nā lau nāu a ʻaʻole i kau nā hua pākeke a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i kau hua ma luna o lākou.
- E maopopo i ka wehe ʻana i ka home me ka lepo i ka hāʻule.
- E hahai i nā hana agrotechnical i hoʻolako ʻia e ka ʻenehana ma ka ʻāina ākea.
- I ka wā ulu, ʻaʻole e hoʻohiki i nā mea kanu, ʻoi aku hoʻi me nā maniua hauoli, e hāhai pololei i ka pau ʻana o ke kaomi wai.
- Inā ʻoe e komo nei i ka mahiʻai organik, a laila e pale i nā mea kanu mai nā keʻokeʻo, hiki iā ʻoe ke kanu i ka moʻomeheu o nā mea moe kakano a me nā macrolofus mites amblyseusa, ka mea nui i nā hale māla a me nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo. Hoʻemi nui lākou i ka nui o nā keʻokeʻo. Hiki iā ʻoe ke kūʻai iā lākou i nā pae loea hou a pālahalaha e like me nā manaʻo.
- I ka wā e ulu ana, e hoʻolako i kekahi manawa e hoʻomākaukau i kahi hopena ikaika o ka holoi lole (ʻaʻole i ka pehu) a kāpīpī i nā mea kanu a holoi ʻole paha me kahi kahawai wai.
Kolo o kahi mea kanu i pā ʻia e ka hulu pua. © naturguckerPehea e wehe ai i nā keʻena pua?
Nā hana koiola
ʻO nā kaʻina palekana biology kahi kūpono loa i nā papa hana pilikino a me nā dachas liʻiliʻi. Hoʻolālā ʻia nā hoʻomākaukau biochemical ma ke kumu o ka hoʻopōleʻa ʻana i nā microflora maikaʻi e hoʻopau pono i nā keʻokeʻo me ka ʻole e hōʻino i nā holoholona a me nā kānaka.
ʻO nā huahana maʻamau a lōʻihi loa, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka bioinsecticide actofit, e ʻānai ana (koe wale nō nā keʻokeʻo) he papa inoa o nā pōpoki. I ka wā e ulu ana i nā mea kanu mea kanu, ua lawa ka mālama ʻana o 2 a 4. ʻO Aversectin C a me Avertin-N maikaʻi mai ka hui like. Hoʻohana koʻikoʻi lākou i ka luku ʻana i nā hua manu ʻōpiopio a me nā pōpoki ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka manawa hou, ua lilo i mea nui loa ka bicol a me bitoxibacillin. Ma Lūkia, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā bio-insecticides Nemabakt a me Antonym-F, ʻo ia nā lāʻau maikaʻi loa i kūʻē i nā pōpoki lehulehu, akāʻo ko lākou hoʻokuʻu wale nei ka mea i hoʻomaka a kūʻai wale ʻia i nā helu waiwai.
Pono e hoʻomakaʻia e hoʻomaka nā bioinsecticides i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a me ka haʻahaʻa. No laila, lawe ʻia ke kaʻina hana i + 18 ° C a i luna. Ma mua o ka hoʻōla ʻana, pono e hoʻomoʻa a mālama ʻia nā mea kanu ma hope o ka hoʻoinu ʻana. Hōʻalo ka ua i nā hoʻonā o nā bioinsecticides, no laila pono ʻoe e hoʻokau i ka mālama ʻana. ʻO ka mālama hope loa me nā bioinsecticides e lawe ʻia i nā lā 2-3 ma mua o ke hōʻiliʻili. Hoʻolakoʻo nā mea hoʻoponopono no ka mālama maʻi e like me nā ʻōlelo a nā mea hana. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka neʻe o ka hoʻonā, ʻaʻole e hoʻonui i ka pono e hoʻomaʻamaʻa. Hoʻomaopopo ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā bioinsecticides no nā mea nona nā mahi ʻai ʻana.
Hoʻopilikia i nā lau no nā keʻokeʻo
ʻO nā hopena olakino e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana o decoction o nā mea inikini manuahi no nā keʻokeʻo (ʻĀkē husk, decoction yarrow, ke kīpī ʻona). Komi ʻia nā decoction o ka mea kanu mai kahi liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi. Pono ka hoʻohana ʻana i decoctions i ka hoʻi pinepine ʻana; ma hope o nā lā 2-3-4 no ka manawa lōʻihi.
ʻO ka keʻokeʻo ma nā lau ʻōpala. © Surendra DaraNā Pūnaewele Paepae
ʻAʻole hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea kanu i ka kanu ʻana o ka mahina ʻai i ka mākēkē a. I kekahi mau hihia, i ka wā e noho ai ka mākala huila i kahi ākea nui, a me ka keʻokeʻo o ka epiphytotically i hoʻolaha ʻia, hiki i ka hopena 1-2 ke hana i ka hoʻomaka o ke ulu ulu. Hoʻopili ʻia ka hana hoʻōla hope ma mua o 20-25 mau lā ma mua o ke hōʻiliʻili ʻana.
No nā mea kanu i ʻae ʻia i nā mea kanu huaʻai kūʻē kū i nā keʻokeʻo, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i ka mospilan, int-vir, spark-M a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Ke koho ʻana i kahi lāʻau lapaʻau, pono ʻoe e makaʻala i ka wā decompposation, ka lōʻihi o ka hana, ke aho ʻona a me nā hōʻailona ʻē aʻe. Pono e hoʻohana ʻia ka lāʻau koho koho e like me nā ʻōlelo aʻo me nā hana palekana o ke ʻano pilikino (kūloko, nā kapaʻili, nā pāpale, nā aniani, nā mea hanohano a i ʻole nā lole lole kīwī).
