Ke kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i nā mea kanu he nui, ʻaʻohe hoa pilikino o ke kanaka. Akā pehea pehea e hoʻolilo ai i kēlā mau mea kanu me ka noho mālie, no laila e hoʻomaikaʻi ai mākou i ka ʻono o ke ti, kofe, koko? Ua hiki mai lākou i ko mākou ola i kēlā me kēia lā e like lākou i kahi mea mau loa a loaʻa ʻole. Ma kahi o ka piliona noho o ka honua e ʻai i kēia mau ʻaina maikaʻi a ma ka manawa like nā mea inu olakino e hoʻoikaika nei i ka hana o ke kino, mālama i kahi ʻoliʻoli a mai hana ʻino ʻole.
ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻoi, nā kakaka a me nā kīkē me ka hoʻopau ʻole ʻana o ka mea kaua holoʻokoʻa a pau. Ma ka ʻāina ʻAulika wale nō, aneane 40 miliona mau kānaka e inu i ka hoʻopulapula o nā hua lāʻau lāʻau, ʻoi aku ma mua o 30 miliona mau poʻe Aferika Hema e hoʻohana i ka infusion o nā lau o kahi lāʻau evergreen - ʻo Paraguayan tea. ʻOi loa ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi mea inu mai nā lau o ka puʻu guarana.
Kihi lāʻau, nā pua (Camellia sinensis pua)I ka pōkole, ka mea makemake. No mākou, ʻo nā mea nui i lilo i mea inu "ʻano maʻamau" ʻoiaʻiʻo, kī, koko, a me ka kofe, akā ua lilo kēia i mea kaulana loa mai ka wā kahiko. ʻAʻohe mea kupanaha ua ʻōlelo lākou ua lilo ko mākou ʻāina i ʻāina lua o ka tea.
I ka nīnau, ma hea ka ʻāina maoli o kaʻaila o ke kīwī, ʻānō kā lākou ʻepekema i nā ʻano like ʻole. Akā, ʻo ka hapa nui, e ʻae i kēia kuahiwi evergreen, a i kekahi manawa, e hiki ana i 10 mau mika ke kiʻekiʻe, nā ʻihi mai nā wahi i kahi e ʻike ʻia ai i kēia manawa. ʻO kēia nā wahi me nā ululāʻau o ke kahua ʻākau o Burma, India a me Vietnam, South China, Hainan Island. Aia nō ke ʻano e inu ai, ʻaʻohe ʻae a kānalua ʻole paha - he mea kuhi ʻia kēia o ka poʻe Kina, ka mea i ʻike iā ia a aloha iā ia mai nā wā kahiko. Ma Kina, ʻo "tea" ʻo ia ka "lau ʻōpio", kahi e hōʻike ai i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lau apical ʻōpio no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka inu.
ʻOiai ke kau o ka ʻīhia i nā evergreens, a ʻo nā lau nui he nui i hoʻokahi makahiki wale nō. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole i ʻoluʻolu kahi mea kanu ulu: hāʻule kona mau lau, ʻaʻole like me kā mākou mea kanu hinuhinu deciduous, a me ka nui i ka pūnāwai. Ma kahi o ka hāʻule, puka koke mai nā mea hou. Akā pua pua i ka hoʻoilo, i ka lā mua o Kepakemapa. ʻO ka pua, hoʻokahi, hoʻokahi a ʻelua a ʻehā paha, e hoʻomau a kū mai a ʻike i nā frost. He mea ʻala loa, he keʻokeʻo a ʻulaʻula paha. ʻAʻohe mea kupanaha e pili ana kekahi mau huaʻāina i ke kīpē i ka ʻano o ke kāmela maikaʻi loa.
Palapala lāʻau (Camellia sinensis)Ua liʻiliʻi ʻia nā pua o ka paʻakai: ʻo 2-4 wale nō ka helu o ka hua liʻiliʻi - nā pahu me nā hua aila ʻona. ʻAno hāʻule koke nā pua i koe a hāʻule ʻole paha.
Nui nā ʻano a me nā ʻano like ʻole o nā mea kanu lāʻau i ʻike ʻia, akā ʻo ke kumu o ka honua honua iʻa ka ʻāpono Kīpī.
No ka ʻoluʻolu o ka hōʻiliʻili o ka lau, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā mea kanu kīwī ma ke ʻano o nā pua shear liʻiliʻi. Ma kahi o miliona hectekelima ua kanu ʻia ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, aʻo kā mākou āpau o nā kīhāpai kīwī, ua ʻoi aku a ʻoi aku ma kahi o 100,000 hekahi.
Hoʻopuni ʻia ka lā ma mua i ka kahala. Aia kekahi he moʻolelo kahiko Kina e pili ana i ke ʻano, no nā lā a me nā pō, ʻaʻole ʻike ka hoʻomaha, ua pule kekahi kahuna Buddhist Darma, ka mea i neʻe mai India a i Kina a loaʻa i kēia inoa inoa hou ʻo Ta Mo. I ka manawa hou, ua hoʻopau ʻia e ka pule lōʻihi, hāʻule ʻo Ta Mo a hiamoe koke ʻoe, a ia ia ala ana ua huhū ʻo ia iā ia iho, ʻokiʻoki i kona mau maka a hoʻolei iā ia i ka honua me ka huhū. Ma kēia wahi, ke ʻano o ka ulu mua o ka ulu iʻa. Mai kona mau lau, hoʻomākaukau ʻo Ta Mo i kahi inu i loaʻa ai iā ia ka hoʻōla, hiki i ka ʻuhane a ke kāhea nei no nā pono hoʻomana. No laila, ma mua o kona make ʻana, ua kiʻi ʻo ia i kāna mau mea āpau e inu i ka kīʻaha, e haʻi ana i ka mea inu, koi i ka hana o nā hana hoʻomana.
Eia naʻe, ʻuʻuku koke ʻia ka ʻūhā mai ka mālama ʻana i nā mea hoʻomana, no ka mea, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kona mau hōʻola. ʻO ka hōʻike mua i hiki mai iā mākou e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kīwī ma ke ʻano lāʻau lapaʻau i hoʻi mai i ka lima o ka millennium BC. Ua hōʻoia ʻia kēia ma ka Bentsar kahiko kahiko Chinese i hana ʻia, i hana ʻia i ka makahiki IV SM. I loko o ia mea, ua hōʻike ʻia ke kīʻaha ma nā kikoʻī, me ka ʻike piha o ke kau ʻana ma ke ʻano he wai inu a me ka mea kanu.
Palapala lāʻau (Camellia sinensis)Kahi mea ʻike ʻike Arab ʻaʻole i ʻike i ka lā 879 AD ua ʻauhau ʻia ka ʻauhau ma Kina "ʻaʻole wale nō mai ka paʻakai, akā, no nā mea kanu i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka Kina ma loko o ka wai. He lāʻau lāʻau kahi ia e nui ai nā lau ma mua o ka ʻo ka mea pomegerane, a ʻoi aku ka nui o kā lākou ʻala, akā ua loaʻa iā lākou ka ʻawaʻawa. Hoʻomoʻa lākou i ka wai, ninini ma ka lau, a inu kēia mea inu i nā maʻi he nui. "
Ua lilo koke ka wai i ka wai inu maoli o Kina. Ua hoʻolaʻa ʻia nā mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa a me nā hana poetic iā ia, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia nā hale ʻoni kūikawā, ʻo ia mau wahi moe aloha i kapa ʻia ʻo "oases ma ke wao kaumaha o ka noho ʻana." Aia hoʻi i loko o ka ʻāpono o ke kīʻaha - ʻo ka ʻāmaʻomaʻo, ka mea i kapa ʻia no ka hoʻomana ʻana i ka mea inu, "ka hana mana ma waena o ka mea ʻike ʻole o ke ola maʻamau i kēlā me kēia lā." A ma kahi moʻohelu Kina he himeni e kau ai: "Hoʻonui ka ʻā i ka ʻuhane, palalulu i ka naʻau, hoʻomālohelohe i ka palupalu, manaʻo ʻia nā mea mare, ʻaʻole i hiki i ka palaualelo ke noho, hoʻomālamalama a hōʻoluʻolu i ke kino a hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka noʻonoʻo ʻana." ʻAʻole i hoʻohālikelike iki ka ʻawa i loko o kahi hana Kina kahiko: "E inu lohi i kēia mea inu ʻona, a e manaʻo ʻoe i ka ikaika e kū i nā pōʻino a pau e hōʻāhewa ʻia ana i ko mākou mau manawa. ʻaʻohe ala e wehewehe ai. "
Ua hoʻohomo ʻia ʻo Tie mai Kina ma Iāpana a laila hoʻi i Europa i ka hoʻomaka o ke kenekulia 16. ʻO ka ʻike e pili ana iā ia no ka manawa mua loa i hele mai ai i Lūkia i ka makahiki 1567: ua lawe ʻia mai lākou e Cossack chieftains Petrov lāua ʻo Yalyshev, kahi i hoʻi mai mai kahi huakaʻi ʻana i Kina. Akā ma hope wale nō o aneane 70 mau makahiki, ua lawe aku ka luna o Moscow iā Vasily Starkov iā Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich he pahu pāhono ʻehā. He makana kau makana mai i ka Mongol Khan no hoʻokahi mau haneli i hōʻike ʻia iā ia. Ua lōʻihi ka lau ʻana o ka Lūkini Lūkini me ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻole ʻana i ka mea nui, ma kona manaʻo, makana a ʻae ʻia, hāʻawi wale nō i ke ahonui o ka khan. Akā hele mai ka makana i hāʻawi ʻia i loko o nā keʻena aliʻi. I ka wā mua, ua hoʻopau ʻia ka ʻini ʻo Lūkū e ka hanohano o ka ʻaha aliʻi a no laila hoʻi ma ke ʻano he lāʻau lapaʻau, e like me ka ʻōlelo ʻana a nā kauka. Hoʻolaha, hoʻonui ʻia ka inu, a ma ka 1696 mai Moscow a Kina no ka manawa mua ua hana ʻia kekahi kāwele aupuni kūikawā nona.
Ke kihapai ʻana o nā mea kanu lāʻauMa hope mai, nui loa ka noi ʻana o ke kīwī ma Rūsia a ua lilo i kekahi o nā wahi nui i ka lawe ʻana i nā waiwai. Ma kahi o 75 tausani tons o nā tona i hoʻopuka ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki e nā mea kūʻai aku ma Lūkia a hana nui i nā mea waiwai hou ma kēia. ʻO nā kumukūʻai palaoa wale nō ke kumu o ka ʻāina 50-60 miliona mau makahiki ma ke gula!
Ua hāʻawi ka poʻe Lūkini i kā lākou hāʻawi ʻana i ka mōʻaukala no ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia mea kanu kupaianaha: ua hana lākou i kahi mīkini kīwī kūikawā, e like me ka mea i kapa ʻia e nā Kelemania iā mākou Tula samovar. Hoʻolaha ka wai inu inu ma Lūkini, a ua hoʻopuka ka poʻe i kahi helu ʻano ʻono o kona ʻai ʻana, me ka hōʻike ʻana i ka like ʻole o ka lehulehu i kēlā kanaka i kēlā manawa: he ʻāpana no ka poʻe waiwai, he ʻāpana iki no ka papa waena o ka nui o ka lehulehu, a me ka nānā no ka poʻe ʻilihune.
Akā inā hiki i kahi samovar ke kapa ʻia i kahi ʻano mīkini, kahi hoʻohui no ka ʻohi ʻana i nā lau kaʻa, i hoʻolālā ʻia i ko mākou manawa e nā mea hana loea, ʻaʻole makemake kekahi o nā uku. A hiki i ka makahiki 1963, hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ke kīpī me ko mākou mau lima wale nō. ʻElua tausani mau neʻe wāwae, a ma lalo o ka hīnaʻi ka kilokilo mua o nā lau ʻala ʻala, a ʻo ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana o kēlā me kēia lā ma kahi o 30 kilograms! Hiki iā ʻoe ke noʻonoʻo i kahi hana hana a ka poʻe hōʻiliʻili i kēlā me kēia lā?
Ua hoʻāʻo nā mea he nui i mea e hoʻoikaika i ka hōʻiliʻili o nā lau kaʻa. ʻO ka makuakāne o nā cybernetics, ʻo Norbert Wiener, ʻaʻole i ʻike i ka palena o ka hoʻolālā manaʻo, ua hāʻule nā lima i mua o kēia pilikia. "Hiki i nā mea āpau ke noʻonoʻo ʻia a hana ʻia, koe wale nō ka mīkini no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana o ke kaʻa." ʻO nā mea hoʻolālā Georgian wale nō i hana i ka ʻohi ʻohi tea, i kapa ʻia lākou "Sakartvelo."
Palapala lāʻau (Camellia sinensis)"ʻO kāu mīkini i lawe i ka hoʻololi maoli ʻana i ka ulu ulu ʻana," nā poʻe loea mai Iapana, Vietnam, India, Turkey, ʻAmelika, Brazil, i hele mai e ʻike i nā kīhāpai tea, ʻae like ʻole.
Hana ka mīkini mīkini akamai i kahi hana kupaianaha, ʻaʻole wale ka hōʻoki ʻana i nā lau kīwī mai nā lāʻau, akā ke koho wale nei i nā lau ʻōpio maʻalahi. Hoʻokuʻu ʻo ia i 800 kilograms o kahi ʻāpana i kēlā me kēia lā, e hoʻopakele ana i ka 7-8 mau rubles ma kēlā me kēia kikowaena.
He mea hoihoi loa ka mōʻaukala o ka acclimatization ma Lūkini. ʻO nā mea kanu kīʻaha mua i lawe ʻia mai iā mākou ma kahi o 150 mau makahiki i hala aku nei a kanu ʻia e ka huaʻōlelo kaulana ʻo Hartvis i ka wahi o kēia ʻo Nikitsky Botanical Garden, kokoke iā Yalta. Ma laila ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia a hoʻomōhala ʻia nei no 20 mau makahiki, a hiki ʻole i ka hōʻoiaʻiʻo ko ka Crimea me kona maloʻo maloʻo ka liʻiliʻi o ka hoʻohana no ka moʻomeheu kīwī.
I ka makahiki 1846, ua hoʻomaka mua ʻia ka hoʻāʻo mua o ka ʻaha ma ka Caucasus. No ka manawa lōʻihi ʻaʻole ia i hāʻawi i nā hopena i paipai mau, akā, ʻaʻole i haʻalele ka poʻe hoihoi o ke ʻoihana kīwī hale. I waena o lākou ʻaʻole wale botanist, agronomists, nā ululāʻau, akā he mau ʻepekema kaulana nō hoʻi, ʻike ʻia, mamao loa mai ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu: climatologist A. I. Voeikov a me ka mea loea ʻo akademia ʻo A. M. Butlerov. Ua hui pū ʻia nā mea hoʻokalakupua lehulehu. I loko o nā makahiki 100 mua o ka moʻomeheu, ua kanu ʻia nā 500 mau eka o nā kanu lāʻau.
Kāpē He pua pua; 1 - ka pua i ka mahele lōʻihi; 2 - kaʻaahi; 3 - ovari i ka ʻāpana ʻāpana; 4 - kahi pōpō me ke kīʻaha; 5 a me 6 - nā hua momona (kapsul) mai nā ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, me nā huaʻaila; 7 - he hua me kahi koena o ka ovary; 8 - ka like i ka ʻōlelo; 9 - ka pūpūEia nō naʻe, ua hiki i ka māla ʻana o ke kaʻe lāʻau i kona ʻona maoli i ka manawa Soviet. ʻAʻole aia ka hāʻawi ʻana o kā mākou ʻāina i ka teh i o kāna hana ponoʻī, akā lawe ʻia hoʻi. A ke hoʻoikaika nei nā mea kuʻi kīwaha ʻo Michurin i kēia moʻomeheu i nā wahi hou: ma ke kūkulu iki o North Caucasus, Central Asia, Transcarpathia a me ka Carpathian māhele. Ke lawe ʻia nei ka ʻike mua ʻana ma Moscow a me Leningrad.
ʻO kahi hui nui o ka Institute Institute of Tea and Subtropical Crops e hana nei ma Georgia. Ua kuhi kona mau poʻe loea i kekahi ʻano ʻano nui ʻoi pōpoki, i hoʻomohala i ka ʻenehana ʻenehana e hāʻawi ana i nā hua kiʻekiʻe, nā ala hou o ka hoʻōla ʻana i nā lau kaʻa.
He aha nā mea e hoʻowai i nā kānaka i kēia mea kanu maʻamau? Hoʻopau maikaʻi nā noiʻi biochemical i kēia nīnau. Ka mea i ʻike ʻia i waena o nā pua ulu momona o ko mākou ʻāina, ka mea, ma ke ala, ka helu ana he 18 tausani mau mea kanu pua like manu, ʻaʻohe mea kanu, ʻo ia hoʻi kekahi mea liʻiliʻi i loko o kahi waiwai kemika - caffeine, a me nā kīʻaha e kū i ka 3,5%. No kēia e hoʻohui i ka 20% tannins, nā huaora Ci, Bi, B2, nā nikotinic a me nā pantothenic acid, nā māka o ka aila pono. ʻO ia ke kumu o kēia moʻomeheu e kanu nei mākou me ia mālama, e hōʻiliʻili maikaʻi i nā lau ʻōpio o ka ulu lāʻau, a e hoʻomaʻamaʻa iā lākou i nā hale hana kūikawā. He mea nui ia e hōʻiliʻili i nā lau i ka manawa kūpono, ʻoiai ka meaʻono, ʻae nā mea ʻala, a me nā ʻike o ka caffeine a me nā mea waiwai ʻē aʻe i ka wā i hala ai ʻoe me ka ʻohi ʻana, a no ka lā hoʻokahi.
Wahi a ka ʻenehana o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana, ua ʻoka ʻia ke kīpī i loko o ka maikaʻihovy, ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ʻeleʻele, a i kēia manawa ke māla ʻaka ʻo Soviet i ka ʻenepala a me ka ʻulaʻula, nui loa nā huaora a me nā mea waiwai ʻē aʻe.
ʻO ka noiʻi ʻepekema hou loa me ka nui o ke ʻano o ka ʻohi o ka ʻohi. Ka mea, he mea i loko o ka caffeine, ʻōmaʻomaʻi waiwai nui he nui P P, e hoʻoikaika ana i nā kīʻaha koko capillary, a he tannin, he ʻano ʻohiʻohi o ka maumē C.
Palapala lāʻau (Camellia sinensis)ʻO ke kamaʻilio e pili ana i ke kīʻaha, ʻaʻole hiki ke haʻi aʻe iā Ksenia Ermolaevna Bakhtadze. Noho ʻo ia ma Chakva, kokoke i Batumi, a noho ma ʻaneʻi i ka makahiki 1927 i mea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka lāʻau kī. Ma mua o 20 mau ʻano maikaʻi o kaʻaila i hana ʻia e ka mea haʻawina, Hero of Socialist Labor K.E. Bakhtadze. ʻO kāna holoholona punahele punahele ʻo ka nui Georgia-5. ʻAʻole maopopo ka poʻe iā ia e ʻāpono, no laila he nui nā lau a ʻokoʻa ʻole ka helehelena o ka mea kanu. ʻO ka mea inu mai nā lau o kēia ʻano ka maikaʻi, ʻano ʻono, me kahi ʻala. ʻAe, a ua pālua ʻo ia i ka huahana o nā ʻano maʻamau - 10 mau hua o nā lau i wae ʻia no kēlā me hoʻokahi hekahi.
"ʻAʻole ke ola o ke kanaka ma ka kaī hoʻokahi wale nō," i hoʻohenehene ʻana ʻo Ksenia Ermolaevna, ma hope o ka ʻaila ʻana i ka ʻala ma ka hale i ka mea ʻala ʻala a puni ka makahiki. . ^ E Ha yM.
Hoʻohana ʻia ma nā lako:
- S. I. Ivchenko - Buke e pili ana i nā kumulāʻau
