ʻO Birch - kahi hōʻailona o Rusia

ʻO ka maʻalahi a me ka pāpaʻi nani o ka birch hāʻawi ia i kahi waiwai aesthetic kiʻekiʻe. ʻO kahi kumulāʻau keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo, hāʻawi i ka pale ma ka pale ʻana, e hoʻonani i kahi ʻano kūwaho i nānā i kēlā me kēia manawa o ka makahiki, ʻoluʻolu ke aloha kūikawā. Mai ka wā kahiko, ua kiʻi ʻia ka birch i ka Russia.

E hoʻonani nā lālā a Birch i nā hale pule a me nā home ma ka lā Trinity Holy. Hāʻawi nā lau i ka poli melemele. ʻO nā pōpō he mau mea kanu hoʻomehana lepo. I ka wā kahiko, ua manaʻo ʻia ka rama birch no ka mea maikaʻi loa no ka ʻaila ʻana i nā palahalani ʻoi - ua wela ke kapa a ua kokoke ʻole me ka soot.

ʻO kahi māla o nā lāʻau birch e kau ana. © Percita

Birch (Betula) - he pua o nā lāʻau lāʻau deciduous a me nā nāhele lāʻau o ka ʻohana Birch (Betulaceae). Ua laulaha ʻia ʻo Birch ma ka ʻĀkau ʻĀkau; ma Rūsia kekahi o nā lāʻau lāʻau maʻamau loa. ʻO ka huina o nā ʻano nui ma mua o hoʻokahi haneri.

Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻāpana he nui o ka birch i ka ʻoihana: ka lāʻau, ʻāʻā, ke ʻano paʻu bir (ka papale pae o ka pala), sap a birch. Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻōpua a me nā lau i ka lāʻau lapaʻau. Hoʻohana ʻia kekahi mau ʻano lāʻau e hana i nā pale pale, a ma ka māla hoʻi i nā māla.

Noho ʻo Birch i kahi koʻikoʻi nui i ka moʻomeheu o nā Slavs, Scandinavians, Finno-Ugric a me nā poʻe ʻē aʻe.

Nui nā ʻano o ka birch i nui a me ka mea nui o ka ulu lāʻau ma ka nui, i ka hoʻoholo nui ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona a me nā ʻano o nā ʻano o nā puʻupuʻu deciduous a coniferous-deciduous (i hui ʻia) i loko o nā ulu wela a me nā wahi anu o Eurasia a me ʻAmelika ʻAmelika.

Ke kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i ka birch, hana pinepine mākou i nā mea maʻamau - E kau ana au i kahi ʻakā (Betula pendula). ʻO nā inoa ʻē aʻe o nā ʻano ʻano: pigy birch, uwē i kā Birch, kāohi ʻia i ka birch. Ma mua, ua hoʻohana ʻia kekahi inoa birch keʻokeʻo ma laila (Betula alba), akā i kēia manawa, i mea e pale aku ai i ka hilahila me ka birch fluff, kahi i kau ʻia ai ka inoa "birch keʻokeʻo", ʻaʻole i makemake ʻia ka inoa keʻokeʻo.

I waena o nā kāwili a me nā mea kanu. ʻO ka mea kaulana loa o Dwarf birch (Betula nana) maʻamau i nā tundra o ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika ʻAmelika a me nā mauna tundra o Siberia. ʻAʻole hiki ke hele i 1 m i ke kiʻekiʻe. I ka hau a me ka wā postglacial, ua lawehele ʻia kēia birch ma ke kūkulu hema, aia i kēia manawa aia i loko o nā wahi me nā relic.

Huani © Bart Everson

ʻO keʻano

ʻO ka hapa nui o nā honu he mau lāʻau 30-45 m kiʻekiʻe, me kahi ʻōpala ʻūlū a hiki i 120-150 cm, kekahi mau lāʻau ulu mai ka nunui a hiki i ka liʻiliʻi, a piʻu i nā ʻuʻuku e piʻi aʻe ma luna o ka ʻāina. ʻO nā lālā āpau o nā genus he monoecious, dioecious, makani-pollinated (anemophilous) kanu.

He ikaika ka ʻōnaehana kumu o nā birches, ma muli o ke ʻano a me nā kūlana e ulu ai, he ʻalopona paha, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hele i ka hohonu. Hoʻopaʻa koke ʻia ke aʻa o ke kō. E ulu iki wale nō ʻo Birch i nā makahiki mua. A laila, ma kahi keʻole, hoʻomaka e ulu wikiwiki, a hoʻomaka kēia i ke lanakila i ka mea hoʻokūkū palupalu mau lāʻau kanu.

ʻO ka ʻeli o ka hapanui o ke kapa, he keʻokeʻo, ʻeleʻele a, ʻulaʻula a i ʻole ʻulaʻula, ma kekahi mau ʻano - hina, ʻeleʻele, a ʻeleʻele paha. ʻO ka lua o ka pūlima o ka launa i ka ʻōpala i hoʻopiha ʻia me kahi ili resinous keʻokeʻo - betulin, ka mea e hāʻawi i ka cortex i keʻokeʻo. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao ʻokoʻa - ka ʻili birch - e maʻalahi maʻalahi ka ʻili ʻia me nā rib. I nā lāʻau kahiko, ua uhi pinepine ʻia ka ʻaoʻao o lalo o ka ʻōpala i kahi ʻōmaʻomaʻo i lalo o nā waihona hohonu.

He mea maikaʻi nā lāʻau Birch, a i ʻole ʻo Himalayan. © ukgardenphotos

ʻO nā lau o Birch he huapalapala, holoʻokoʻa, serrated ma ke kihi, ovate-rhombic a i ʻole triangular-ovoid, monosymmetrical, me kahi waihona ākea ākea a i ʻole ʻeleʻele, e kūleʻa, hina a hiki i 7 cm loa a 4 cm ākea ākea, huli i ka melemele ma mua o ka hāʻule. Hoʻopili nā lau ʻōpio. ʻO ka ʻoluʻolu o ka lau o ka lau he cirrus kūpono loa (cirrus): hoʻopau i nā veal lateral i nā niho.

Hoʻopili ke keiki, sessile, uhi ʻia me ka heliki hoʻonohonoho, pinepine nā penu palaka; lateral spālaʻa pakuʻu.

Kūʻai

ʻAʻole koi nā kumulāʻau i ka ulu ʻāina, akā i ka wā e kanu ai iā lākou ma ka pūnaewele, pono mākou e hoʻomanaʻo he nui nā "huaʻai".

Ua kūleʻa lākou i ka aʻa ma nā lepo podzolic maluhia, ma nā solonetzes a me nā chernozems momona, ma nā palaka nui a me ke one. Akā ʻo ka mea kūpono loa he kūpono ia no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, hoʻonaninani ʻia, hoʻonaninani ʻia, nā oneone maikaʻi, nā kālima hanu a me ka wili māmā hoʻi i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana.

Ke kanu nei i nā kumulāʻau birch ma kahi kahua, pono ʻoe e hoʻomanaʻo e pākaha ana kahi lāʻau birch pakeke i ke kauwela i ka lā e huki ana mai ka lepo ka awelika o 20 mau pākaha wai, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma kahi o 250 lita wale nō.

Ke kū nei i kahi birch. © ʻO George Redgrave

ʻO nā hua nui o ka birch me kahi ʻōnaʻi hāwau hāwī, i kanu ʻia i ka manawa kūpono, ʻaʻole paʻa i nā aʻa - make kekahi o nā lāʻau a pau paha nā piko o lākou. No laila, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kūʻai ʻana i nā hua me nā ʻalaha lepo. ʻO ka hoʻoilo i ka hoʻoilo me kahi ʻōpala paʻa.

Kūkulu ʻia nā lua no nā lāʻau birch i kāwili ʻia me ka hui ʻana o ka ʻāina māla, humus, ke one a me ka pit i kahi pā o 2: 1: 1: 1. I ka wā kanu o ke kanu ʻana o nā pōpoki'ōpiopio, hoʻohui kākīkī (150-200 g) i ka lua kanu. I ka wā kanu kanu, kahi mea e liʻiliʻi i ka makemake, e hoʻohana i nā manamana fosfor-potassium.

ʻO ka ulu maikaʻi

ʻOi aku ka lole: I ka hoʻomaka mua o ka pūnāwai a me ke kauwela kauwahi, e kanu ʻia ana me nā pōkole pili o ka nitrogen (mullein - 1 kg, urea - 10 g, ammonium nitrate - 20 g no 1 pāheo wai). ʻO ka lole topiʻo Autumn - Kemira universal a nitroammofoska.

Hoʻomoʻa i ka wai: Mandatory i ka pae a me nā lā 3-4 hou. I nā wā maloʻo e pono ai ka hoʻoheheʻe maʻamau - 1 pālule / 1 sq.m. nā hiʻohiʻona o ka lei.

Nā Kōkua: i ae ʻia i kahi hohonu o nā keiki ʻaʻole e hiki i ka 3cm.

Huani © Grant Williamson

Hoʻomau, ke kala: Hana ʻia ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana a me ka hana ʻana i ka wā ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hala.

Nā maʻi a me nā maʻi ʻeha: no ka pale ʻana i nā pōpilikia (bears, chafers, leaf sawflies, thrips, goldfish a silkworms) a me nā maʻi (ʻoi aku ka nui), nā lāʻau pono e mālama ʻia me nā fungicides a me nā mea inikini i kēlā me kēia makahiki.

Nā ʻano a me nā ʻano

E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma luna, ʻo ke ʻano lā o Birch (Betula) he lehulehu a lehulehu a puni ka honua. E noho ana ma nā wahi ākea ma luna o ka Honu Hemolele - ma ʻEulopa, Asia a me ʻAmelika Hema. ʻO kēia lāʻau, e like me ka poʻe biologists e ʻōlelo, he polymorphism kiʻekiʻe loa (kahi ʻano like ʻole a me nā ʻano).

Hoʻokomo ʻia ʻo Birch

Keahi ʻanuih (Betula pendula), he mea kahakaha ke warty birch (Betula verrucosa) - kahi lāʻau me ke kiʻekiʻe o 30 mau mau m, me nā pīkī i kā nā lālā a me nā moʻo keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo, e hoʻomālamalama ana a me nā pā i nā makahiki.

Nā kiʻi hoʻohālike o ka birch e kau nei:

'Tristis' - me kahi lei lani.
'Gracilis' - me nā lālā e kau ana a me nā lau i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia,
'Dalecarlica' a me 'Laciniata' - me nā lau lokomaikai,
'Fastigiata', me kahi elvoated ovoid a i waiho ʻia i ka lei lei kolula,
`Youngii` - ʻO Jung's Birch, me nā lau liʻiliʻi a me kahi lei umipella ʻōpio e iho ana i lalo i ka lepo.
'Purpurea' - me nā ʻulaʻula uliuli a ʻulaʻula paha.
'Carelica' - ʻO Karelian Birch, kahi ʻano o ka birch kanikani. ʻO kāna kumu lāʻau pinkish-brownish kahi kūlana koʻikoʻi hewa.

Karelian birch, he ʻano ʻano palani birgy. © viherpihalle

Kakauha ʻāluakū

Fluffy birch, a i ʻole pubescent (ʻO nā palepale Betula) he koʻikoʻi loa a me ka hau lewa, ua pālahalaha kona pae ma ke kūkulu ʻākau; ʻo ke ʻāina kahi i ʻole ai ka fluffy birch ma ka Far East. Hiki i kēia holoholona ke ulu i nā wahi ʻeleʻele. Ke keʻokeʻo kona ʻōpala a kokoke i ke kumu, a palahalaha ʻia ka lei a i waho.

ʻAmeleka ʻanuʻu

ʻAkahi melemani, a i ʻole ʻoniʻoke i ka ʻanuʻu, a i ʻole maʻa ʻalani ʻauhau ʻia (Costula Betula), kahi māla me ka noʻonoʻo, ʻono nā kukui, ka melemele-hina a i ʻole ka melemele-ʻulaʻula, nā ʻūmaʻū a i ʻole ka palaka paha, e hoʻohemo i nā lau ʻāpana. ʻO kekahi o nā ʻano mea ʻono nui loa.

ʻAeʻula paha ka ʻōpala o ka birch, a i ʻole ka pipi paha. © sureauxaux

Kūleʻa ʻōpala

Hoʻokaʻa Birch (Betula lanata) me kahi hiʻi hina, hoʻomaʻamaʻa maikaʻi hoʻi i ke aka.

Daurian Birch

Daurian birch, a i ʻole ka ʻanuʻu pōkole ʻehā (Betula dahurica) nā kānaka no ʻAsia Hikina, me ka ʻeleʻeleʻeleʻele a me ka lāʻau makona. ʻO ka ʻeleʻeleʻeleʻeleʻeleʻele e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e nā unahi liʻiliʻi, i hoʻokumu ʻia i kahi "ʻahuʻula" a puni ke ʻala.

Manchurian Birch

Manchurian birch (ʻO Betula mandschurica) nā kānaka maoli ma East Asia, ʻulaʻula hina.

Birch Schmidt

Schmidt birch, a i ʻole hao (Betula schmidtii) - he ulu o ka lāʻau e ulu ana ma nā wahi paʻa me nā ʻeleʻele hina a ʻulaʻula a me nā kumu lāʻau e hoʻopau ana i ka wai.

Ehrman Birch

Erman Birch, a i ʻole nā pōhaku (Betula ermanii) loaʻa ma Iapana, ma nā Mokupuni o Kuril a me Kamchatka. Maʻalahi a paʻakikī ka lāʻau lāʻau, a he māmā ka lāʻau ʻala.

Birch Maksimovich

Elua Birch Maksimovich (Betula maximowicziana) - he lāʻau me nā lālā manamana, he brownish a melemele paha paha - ʻōpala a hina a nui, e like me ka linden, nā lau.

ʻAnuʻu birch

ʻEleʻele ʻōmaʻomaʻo, a i ʻole ka muliwai (Betula nigra) ulu i ʻAmelika, he brownish a ʻulaʻula paha, kahi e hoʻopili ʻia me nā ʻōlima nui o nā pupu.

Dwarf Birch

I waena o nā kumulāʻau manilima, ʻo nā mea kaulana loa o ka Pākehā dwarf birch, birch liʻiliʻi a i ʻole ka dwarf birch (Betula nana), e ulu ana ma ke kūkulu ʻākau: ʻo kona ulu ʻana he 0.8-1 m wale nō.

Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻano o ka birar dwarf i ʻelua mau ʻāpana

Betula nana subsp. nana - dwarf birch
Betula nana subsp. ʻaila - nāila ʻili

Ma nā subspecies nana nā ʻōpio ʻōpiopio me ka pubescence, akā ʻaʻole ia he kālai; ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o nā lau (a hiki i 2.5 cm), ʻo ka maʻamau ka lōʻihi o ka lōʻihi a me ka laulā. Ke ulu nui nei nā subspecies ma ke komohana ʻākau ma Asia, ʻEulopa (a i ke kūkulu hema - ma nā Alps i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe), ma Greenland, ma ka mokupuni o Baffin Island (Canada).

Ma nā subspecies ʻaila ʻeleʻele nā ʻōpio ʻōpio a i ʻole nā lauoho ʻuʻulu e pālahalaha nā lauoho, pili. ʻOi aku ka pōkole o nā lau (ʻoi aku ma mua o 12 mm lōʻihi), ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka laulā ma mua o ka lōʻihi. Aia kahi poʻomanaʻo āpau ma ka ʻūlani hema, ma ke kūkulu ʻākau o ʻAmelika ʻAmelika (Alaska, Canada).

ʻOiki loa ka Birch i haʻahaʻa loa, aʻo ka squat Birch (Betula humilis) me ka ʻili lāʻau.

Hoʻohana

ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā birches i ka hoʻolālā ʻāina, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻokoʻa. Kūkulu ʻia nā kumulāʻau e like me kahi ʻāpana o nā hui hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻole a me ka hui ʻana e hana i ka mau mānoanoa pōkole, ma o nā ʻūhā, nā alaloa ma nā alanui a i ʻole nā ʻēheu pale ʻana.

ʻO nā mea kanu manuahi maʻamau e nānā ʻia i loko o ke kanu ʻana i kahi pua nui, a me nā ʻano exotic a me nā ʻano hana hoʻonaninani - ma kahi kaawale, a me ka mea nui o kahi paʻa. No nā māla nui a me nā māla i ke ʻano kula, hiki i ke kumu o nā hele a me nā pūʻulu ke hiki i nā lāʻau birch ikaika kiʻekiʻe me ka lei maikaʻi a maikaʻi i kūkulu ʻia - Maximovich, ka pepa, ka melemele a me ka dangling.

I nā hui liʻiliʻi, ʻokoʻa ka hoʻohui pū ʻana me nā poli me kahi kala ʻole a i ʻole ka palapala ʻili o ka ʻili. No ka hoʻohālikelike, ʻo Daurian a me Schmidta (me nā lāʻau ʻeleʻele a ʻeleʻele a me ke kai paha), Manchu, ʻeleʻele a me ka ceri (me ka brownish a i ʻole ʻulaʻula-ʻulaʻula), a me ka olakino, ʻĀpana, ka uliuli a me ka fluffy (me ka moʻo ʻoi a me ka māmā). ʻO nā hui āpau, i hui pū ʻia me nā conifers kiʻekiʻe, maikaʻi loa no ke kāʻei ʻana i nā maka āpau inā kanu ʻia lākou i ka waena o ka lawehala.

ʻO nā kumulāʻau Birch me kahi lei lei ʻokoʻa (no ka laʻana, ka pā 'Tristis' a i ʻole 'Joungii' me nā ʻalupau ʻana i nā lālā tangina) he mea kūpono no ka hoʻonaninani ʻana i nā kapa o kahi loko a i kahawai wai paha. No ka hana i nā kumulāʻau lahilahi māmā, hiki iā ʻoe ke kanu i ke ʻano o ka 'Purpurea' i kahi lāʻau birch e pili ana me nā ʻulaʻulaʻula. Hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻano pyramidal o ka 'Fastigiata' no ka hana ʻana i nā mall lehulehu a i ʻole ke lele ʻana i ka puka.

No nā māla liʻiliʻi, koho i nā kumulāʻau liʻiliʻi - ke ʻano o ka 'Joungii' e pā ana i ka birch aiʻole Karelian birch. He mea hoihoi loa lākou i ka kanu ʻana i ka hui pū ʻana, ma ka pūpū me nā conifers creeping haʻahaʻa. Nā kumulāʻau ʻano ʻano lāʻau i kanu ʻia i nā puʻu alpine nui

E kali ana no kāu mau ʻōlelo!