Hoʻolilo ʻia ʻo Apple i kekahi o nā hua punahele a mahalo ʻia hoʻi ma Rusia. A ʻoiai ʻo ka hapa nui o nā kauwela ʻaʻole hauʻoli i ka lōʻihi a me ka mahana, ʻo nā hua o ke kauwela kauwela e lilo i hale ʻaina maoli, he kumu o nā huaora a he hauʻoli no nā keiki a me nā pākeke.
I kēia mau lā, ua hana nā mea kanu i nā ʻano he nui o ke kauwela o nā kumulāʻau, e hāʻawi ana i ka hōʻiliʻili nui ma nā wahi i manaʻo ʻia ʻaʻole kūpono no ka ulu ʻana i kēia hua. ʻAʻole poina ia nā ʻōiwi kahiko i loaʻa ma lalo o nā kūlana o nā kikowaena hoʻokolohua a me nā kula, akā ma ke ʻano o nā "koho kānaka", a e hoʻāʻo ʻia e nā hanauna he nui o ka poʻe māla.
E like me ke kānāwai, ua nui nā hua meli a ke kauwela i loko o nā kō, nā wai momona a loaʻa nā ʻono maikaʻi. ʻO ke ʻano wale o nā hua like ʻole, ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke mālama lōʻihi no ia manawa, no laila ua hoʻohana hou ʻia, hele i nā wai wai a mālama ʻia ka hua.
ʻO nā wehewehe a me nā kiʻi o nā kumulāʻau meli maikaʻi e kōkua maikaʻi i ke koho ʻana i kahi mea kanu no ka kanu ʻana i kahi pākēnē a waiho aku paha i kahi māla hou.
ʻO ka wehewehe a me ke kiʻi o ke kumulāʻau apple hoʻopiha piha
Ua hoʻomau ʻia ka mōʻaukala o kēia ʻano kaulana mai ka hopena o ke kenekulia 19, i ka wā i loaʻa ai nā hua o ke White White ma muli o ke ʻano kīnāwai i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia me kahi ʻano ʻokoʻa, ʻoiai i ʻike ʻia ma Rūsia, nā Baltic States a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe ma lalo o nā inoa like ʻole, e like me Alabastrovoe, Dolgostebelka, Bel a me Papirovka.
Mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka kenekulia 20 a hiki i kēia lā, hoʻopaʻapaʻa nā botanist e pili ana i ka hōʻailona alana ma waena o ka ʻano like a me ka hoʻopiha ʻana o Pōleʻele a me Papirovka. Inā i ka makahiki 1937, ua ʻōlelo kaawale ʻia nā ʻano like ʻole i ka puke kuhikuhi no ka agronomists, a laila ua wehewehe ʻia nā ʻano hua lāʻau i paʻi ʻia i ka makahiki 2005 i kēia mau ʻano koho. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka ho'ākāka ʻana o ka lāʻauʻōmaʻomaʻo keʻokeʻo hoʻopiha hoʻopihapiha i nā ʻikepili e pili ana iā Papirovka, ua lilo ia kekahi o nā ʻano ākea ākea loa ma Rusia ma mua o hoʻokahi haneli mau makahiki. A i kēia lā, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻano kahiko i nā wahi a pau o ka ʻāina, koe wale nō ʻo ka Far East, nā Urals a me Siberia Eastern. Eia kekahi, ma ke kumu o Papirovka a i ʻole ka hoʻopiha ʻana i ke keʻokeʻo, ua hana nā ʻepekema i kahi 20 o nā ʻano hoʻohiki.
ʻO ka lāʻau lāʻau White Bulk kahi lāʻau ākea ākea me kahi lei aliʻi pyramidal, kahi e ulu nui ana nā mea kanu i nā makahiki keu. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka hapa nui o ka ovari ma ka pāpale lima, ua uhi ʻia nā wana me nā foliage ovoid medium. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ma hope, he palaka nui nā lau, he wahi liʻiliʻi me ka maikaʻi a maikaʻi hoʻi.
Mele Kahau
Hoʻomaka koke ʻo ka mea papier e hoʻohua koke i ka hua, ʻo ka ovary mua ma nā lāʻau ke kau ʻia 4-5 mau makahiki ma hope o ke kanu ʻana. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa maikaʻi nā ʻano like ʻole i nā frosts maikaʻi, akā ʻike pinepine ʻia nā ʻōpala o kahi lāʻau iki i nā lau o ka lāʻau āpau a ma nā hua.
Kūkulu nā hua pua iā Mei, a me nā hua o ka hua lāʻau o Papirovka, e like me ka hōʻike a me nā kiʻi i ʻike maikaʻi ʻia e nā māla lāʻau mai nā wahi like ʻole o ka ʻāina, e ʻoki i nā lā he ʻumi o ʻAukake.
Kahi ʻia nā ʻōleʻa nui ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻulaʻula a kū mālie ma ke aniani ʻālamalama, me ka ʻole o nā iwi ʻulaʻula. ʻO ka hapa nui kekahi huaʻai wikiwiki a peel. Ke mākaukau ʻia nā hua e lawe ʻia mai nā lālā, lilo ke keʻokeʻo maloʻo ʻōpio keʻokeʻo, no ka mea i loaʻa i nā ʻano like ʻole o kekahi. He ʻiʻo keʻokeʻo, ʻōwili maikaʻi ka ʻiʻo o ka ʻiʻo i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana me ka hoʻohanohano ʻike maoli.
E like me nā ʻano he nui o ke kumulāʻau mau hua lāʻau, nā hua mua o ka hoʻopiha ʻana o ka White i ka manawa koke ma hope o ka lawe ʻana mai i nā lālā, no ka mea e ʻike koke ʻia nā wahi pihi ma luna o ka ʻili mai ka pume liʻiliʻi, a lilo ka ʻiʻo, maloʻo a mealy. ʻAʻole hiki ke lawe ʻia nā hua lāʻau Papirovki a mālama ʻia i kahi lōʻihi o ʻelua pule.
Apana-laau āpau ʻaila
Ma muli o ke kaupaʻa ʻana o nā ʻano ʻiwi "kahiko" ʻo White kaomi a me Korobovka i ka All-Russian Research Institute i kapa ʻia ma hope o Loaʻa iā Michurin i nā kumulāʻau meli, ʻo Pale, i hōʻike ʻia e nā lāʻau ulu wikiwiki, unpretentiousness a maikaʻi, ma nā wahi Lūkini, ka paʻakikī o ka hoʻoilo.
I ka hoʻohālikelike, hoʻomaka ka lāʻau o nā ʻano hua gula ma ke ʻano he ovary ma mua o ka 4-5 mau makahiki ma hope o ke kanu ʻana, e hana ana i ka lei. Hoʻopili nui nā pua o ke kumulima i nā lau ʻiliʻu i ka ʻala kukui ʻōpiopio. I ka manawa like, pane maikaʻi ka lāʻau i ka kanu, ʻaʻole ka hoʻonui ʻana wale nō i ka nui o ka hua e hoʻopau ai, akā hāʻawi nō hoʻi i nā māla i nā ʻāina ʻākau e ulu i kahi mea e like me ka lāʻau a i nā mea kanu ʻai. Aʻo kahi mahiʻai horticultural, ma muli o ka paʻakikī o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka lei, mai hoʻohana i nā kumulāʻau lāʻau o nā ʻano like ʻole o ke gula, ua aloha nui nā māla o nā māla mahiʻai i ka maikaʻi o kēia hua.
'Allowslelo ka hanu o nā ʻano' āpana e hiki ke kanu ʻia nā lāʻau lāʻau i loko o ka mokuʻo Siberia, a ma waena o Rūsia ma ka palena komohana o ka māla e holo ana ma ke kūkulu ʻākau o ka palena o Moscow. Hiki i nā kumulāʻau ʻōpio ke ʻano like mai 30 a 50 kg o nā hua ʻala momona ʻala i ke kikowaena waena o ʻAukake, ʻaʻole e weluwelu a hiki i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻia a mālama ʻia a hiki i ʻelua mau mahina.
Wahi a ke kiʻi a me ka wehewehe ʻana o nā ʻano hua lāʻau ʻona, ʻOamu, ua hoʻopuka ka lāʻau i nā ʻehā ʻono maikaʻi loa o ka maikaʻi o ka ʻoihana, ma ke kaupaona ʻana o 80 a 120 gramu. He melemele ke ʻano o nā hua like ʻole o nā huaʻai, a ma o ʻAukake hoʻi ke kiʻi ʻulaʻula nui o nā ʻulaʻula ulaula nui ma luna o ia mea.
ʻO ke kiʻi a me ka wehewehe ʻana i kā ʻAhola ʻAmelika lāʻau
ʻO nā hua liʻiliʻi o ke kinikini a Kina gula mua i ka hopena o Iulai i ka hopena o ko lākou ʻano ʻono a me nā ʻono a me nā momona ʻono. Hōʻike ʻia nā ʻano like i ka manawa o nā XIX a me nā kenekulia XX, mahalo i nā hana a I.V. ʻO Michurin mai ka ʻaoʻao ʻana o ka Pūʻali Keokeʻo a me Kitayka. I kēia lā, ua kāhea ʻia nā ʻano hua ma nā ʻāpana Volga-Vyatka a me North-West o Rūsia, akā ua ulu nui ʻia i kekahi wahi ʻoi aku ka nui.
Hōʻalo nā lāʻau, a hiki i kekahi manawa ke loaʻa ka lei aliʻi i ke ʻano o kahi pyramid inverted. Ke ulu a ulu nei, ulu ke kumulāʻau ʻōpala, a ma lalo o kahi ukana o nā hua, lōʻihi, me nā lau sparse, hiki i nā lālā ke kūlou i ka lepo. ʻO nā lau ma luna o ka kumulāʻau o kēia ʻano, he elongated, ʻōmaʻomaʻo a hiki i kahi ākea nui loa e pili ana i nā wēlau o nā pua.
ʻO nā hua o ka lāʻau puaʻa Kina gula, e like me ke kiʻi, ua kau ʻia ma nā māla ʻalohi, kaupaona mai 20 a 40 mau grika a kū i waho o kahi kala ʻoniʻoni nani me kahi ʻala o kahi ʻōmaʻomaʻo. ʻO ka ʻiʻo o nā mea ʻala a me ka waiʻona pōkō kekahi mea ʻono māmā a maloʻo paha.
E like me kekahi mau ʻano ʻē aʻe o ke kumulāʻau lāʻau, ua ninini ʻia nā hua o ke Kiʻi gula i ko lākou ʻāpala ʻana, me ka ʻakaʻala. Inā e poina ʻoe i ka wā hoʻomaka, hāʻule koke nā hua lāʻau, a ma hope o hoʻokahi pule he hoʻomaʻamaʻa maoli lākou i ko lākou juiciness.
Hoʻomaka ka hua ʻana o nā ʻano hua ʻaka mua ma waena o 3-5 mau makahiki, ʻoiai ʻo ka lāʻau meli i ʻae i nā pōhā, akā ua pinepine ʻia i ka ʻili. Hōʻike ʻia ka ʻano like me ka wā wā maʻamau a me ka poʻokela i nā kumulāʻau apple, no ka laʻana, White Bulk a i ʻole i kahi e kokoke ana, e like me ka wehewehe ʻana o ka lāʻau apple apple Grushovka.
Nā ʻāpana ʻōpala o Melba lāʻau
Hana ʻia nā ʻano leʻa kaulana o ke kauwela kaulana i ka makahiki 1898 e nā mea kolohe o Kanaka mai nā kihi ʻokoʻa ʻana o ka ʻano Macintosh like ʻole. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā kenekulia hope, ua ʻike ʻo Melba i Lūkia, kahi i loaʻa nui ai kona kaulana.
Aia a hiki i kēia wā, ua kāʻili ʻia ka huaʻai meleka ʻo Melba a kokoke i kēlā me kēia ʻāina, koe wale nō nā ʻāpana maikaʻi loa o nā Urals, ka Far East a me Northeast Siberia.
Ke hua mai nā makahiki he 3-5, ʻo ka nui o nā hua lāʻau meleka ʻo Melba, e pālahalaha ana me kahi lei ākea a me nā pāpale. I nā hua liʻiliʻi, ua nānā ʻia kahi hana pyramidal. Hoʻopili ʻia nā hua i nā kūloko, uhi ʻia nā lālā me nā lau oval ʻulaʻula a i ʻole nā melemele paha, kahi ʻike nui i nā ʻōpio ikaika. I ka Mei, ʻo ka hiʻohiʻona nui o nā pua pink-ʻalani a me nā pua keʻokeʻo. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā ʻano hua like me nā hua kiʻekiʻe o nā papa ʻenehana mua.
Ma nā hua o ka lāʻau meleka Melba kaupaona o 120-140 mau grama, a ma kekahi mau manawa ua hiki ke loaʻa he 200 mau momona, mau a ʻona poepoe paha. ʻO nā hua hua i loaʻa ka pulu ʻulaʻula a iʻa a hoʻoliihui paha i ke kukui melemele a i ʻole ka poni ʻulaʻula me kahi palahala a i ʻulaʻula paha i hohola ʻia ma luna o ka hapa nui o ka puni, ka mea i ʻike ʻia nā ʻalaʻula.
Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻano lāʻau ʻē aʻe o nā kumulāʻau melemele, hiki ke halihali ʻia nā hua ʻala o Melba, a me nā hua āpau liʻiliʻi i ke kīpē me ka mālama e mālama i ko lākou mau waiwai a hiki i Ianuali. ʻAno i ka ʻiʻo o ka ʻalopona momona i hoʻololi i kona mau waiwai a ʻaʻole e nalowale i kahi mea momona, e like me ka lole kukui. Ma waena o nā hiʻona nui, e like me nā kiʻi i loaʻa a me ka wehewehe ʻana o nā ʻano hua ʻaka mua, aia ke kūleʻa scab resistab, huaʻai cyclical i loaʻa i nā lāʻau pākeke a me nā paʻakikī paʻakikī o ka hoʻoilo. Ma lalo o nā kūlana maʻamau, ʻālaila ʻo Melba ma ʻAukake, akā i ke anuanu, ke ao anuanu, e kau ʻia nā lā hōʻuluʻulu a hiki i ka waena o Kepakemapa.
Me ke komo ʻana o ka lāʻau meleka ʻo Melba, ma luna o 20 mau ʻano hou i hoʻokumu ʻia. I waena o lākou, ʻo ia ka nui o ka apple Alo Alo, a me Red Aloe a me Caravel, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā maʻi a me nā hua lahilahi.
Mokuna Alo Tree Aloe
ʻO nā hua hua mua i loaʻa mai ke kahe ʻana o Melba a me Papirova hua lāʻau o ka ʻano Aloe like ʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka makahiki 1973, a ma hope o 15 mau makahiki ua hoʻohui ʻia nā ʻano like ʻole ma ka Mokuʻāina State. Ua lawe ka nui o ka lāʻau lāʻau i kona "mau mākua", akā ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka pale scab a maikaʻi aʻe. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hua o nā lāʻau haʻahaʻa me kahi lei o kahi lei aliʻi i hoʻomaka i ʻelua mau hola ma mua o Melba. Ua uhi ʻia nā lālā o kēia lālā lāʻau i ke kauwela me nā lau o ka nui o nā oval me ka ʻulaʻula.
Hāʻawi nā kumulāu i nā hua kiʻekiʻe i ʻōpaʻa a i nihi paha i uhi ʻia i ka ʻili hoʻonaninani apa, hapalua o ka ʻāpana o ka ʻulaʻula ulaula i ulaula i hoʻonui ʻia i ka ʻā. ʻO ka ʻiʻo o nā hua kō ka wai, ke keʻokeʻo a ʻūmole paha me kahi nui o ka palaoa.
ʻO Apple-lāʻau Grushovka Moscow: wehewehe a me ka kiʻi
ʻO Moscow pear kahi'ōnaehana i aloha ʻia a aloha ʻia nā "folk" koho, i hiʻohiʻona ʻia e ka wā mua a me ka hua nui. E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma loko o ka wehewehe, hiki ke ulu ʻia mai ka lāʻau kalona o Moscow Grushovka i nā wahi he nui o Rūsia, e komo pū ana me ka nui o ka ʻāina āpau o ʻEulopa, nā Urals, ke Komohana a me ka Hikina o Siberia.
I kēia mau lā, nā kumulāʻau lāʻau hiki ke kūpaʻa a hiki i ka 50-degere kūwaho kekahi o nā mea kūpaʻa loa i nā ʻano anuanu. Hoʻomaka i nā kumulāʻau nui me nā lei maikaʻi a i hoʻomohala ʻia paha ka hua e hoʻomaka i nā hua 5-6 mau makahiki ma hope o ke kanu ʻana i ka lepo. Hoʻomaka ka pua, e like me ka hapa nui o nā kumulāʻau o nā ʻano kauwela, i Mei. ʻAeʻulaʻula ka ʻala a petals nā ʻāpana i loko o ka pua, a keʻokeʻo ma ka wehe ʻana o nā pua. I ke kauwela, loaʻa i nā lālā nā uhi uhi nani loa, he ʻano o ka oval a i ʻole elongated i lau a i ʻole nā melemele-melemele me ka maikaʻi maikaʻi.
ʻO nā hua o ka hua lāʻau ʻAlia Grushovka Moscow e pēpē i Iulai a ʻAukake, ʻo ka paona awelika o ka ʻāpana a i ʻole ai paha i nā ʻalika lauwili ma mua o 120 mau grama. I ka manawa like, mai 80 a 170 kg, ua ʻohi ʻia mai ka lāʻau hoʻokahi.
Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki ke kapa ʻia nā huaʻai me ka nui, ʻoiai ka ʻūhū ʻana o nā ʻōpū ma loko o ka pāpale a ma luna, ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā lālā lae lalo. ʻO ka ʻōmole o nā hua o ke kumulāʻau o Moscow Grushovka, e like me ka wehewehe, i uhi ʻia me kahi papalaka wai, nui ʻōpala a ʻalala. ʻO ka uhi uhi o ka ʻōpū maʻa ke keʻokeʻo a i ʻole naʻe me kahi kiko melemele i ʻike ʻia. Aʻo 80% o ka papa o ka pūpū he popō ʻeleʻele a i ʻole ka ʻehupā paha e ʻāʻule ana me ka puʻupuʻu a i ʻole ke kino. ʻO ka wai momona ma hope o ka hōʻiliʻili, ʻili palomi a i ʻole nā pepeke ʻāpala o nā hua ʻala i lilo koke i ka mealy. ʻAʻole mālama ʻia nā ʻōmole, a i ka wā ua hiki ke kau ʻia i nā scab.
