He lāʻau paʻakikī ʻo Hazel

ʻO ka Hazel, a i ʻole ka weliweli i waena o nā lāhui he nui e hoʻopuni ʻia ana e ka nui o nā kaʻao, nā moʻomeheu a me nā mea e like me nā manaʻo. No laila hoʻohiki ka Slavs i ka pōʻino i nā mea laʻa a maʻemaʻe, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻaʻole i make ka uila i loko. No laila, i ka wā o ka hekili, ua hūnā lākou ma lalo o kahi kuʻi a hoʻopili i kāna mau lālā i loko o kahi kāʻei a hoʻopaʻa ʻia iā lākou me nā mea āpau a lākou e makemake ai e pale mai ka uila.

I manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia hiki ʻole i ka lāʻau ʻonaono ke hoʻoweliweli wale aku i ka diabolo, akā hoʻokuʻi hou aku a pepehi hoʻi i ka nahesa, ka hana ʻana o ka diabolo. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā lālā Hazel i loko o nā hale ʻai no ke kipaku i nā moʻo. Wahi a nā moʻolelo maikaʻi o ka hema hema Slavs, nā ʻuhane o nā kūpuna e kipa aku ana i ka honua i kēia manawa e noho ana ma ka Trinity ma kahi ʻala. Ma kona mau lālā, hele mai nā ʻuhane, mai ʻokoʻa a ka honua.

Walel hazel. © H. Zell

Loaʻa ʻo Hazel (hazel) i ka waiwai o ke kālai ʻana i nā mea huna. A ʻo nā wīwī keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo i loko o nā manawa pagan i lilo i hōʻailona no ka Druids, e hōʻoia ana i ko lākou papa a me ka hiki ke kamaʻilio.

I nā lā ʻo ka Vikings, ʻo ka "hoslur," ka ʻāina ʻona, "i hakakā ʻia ai nā kaua i ko mua i ke kaua ʻia, ʻO nā wahi no ka hakakā (holmganga) a me nā pā o nā kaua piha ma waena o nā pūʻali koa i kuhikuhi ʻia e kahi pā ʻehā i hana i ka pōpilikia, i hoʻopuni ʻia iā lākou me ka laina kupaianaha, e hoʻokaʻawale ana i nā lā maʻamau mai ka honua aku. I ke kaua, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka hazel ma ke ʻano he pale hoʻomalu. ʻO kekahi haʻi ʻōlelo kahiko kahiko i haʻi ʻia e pili ana i ka "pā wīkela hāʻule kahiko." Wahi a ka moʻoʻolelo, ua hoʻokaʻawale kēia lāʻau kolohe i ka mea make, a i ka wā i hana ai ʻo McCumhill i pale kaua mai loko aku o ia mea, ua lilo nā mea ʻona i loko ona mai ka make ʻana i nā ʻenemi.

Aia nō kahi ʻōlelo kahiko o ka "pale pale o Fiona" - he poʻomanaʻo poetic no ka pale palekana. Ua pili pū me ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo luaithrindi - kahi ʻano hoʻohālike o ka interwoven ma ke kapa o nā koa Celtic, i hana ai i kahi kuhi piha o nā knots knot.

ʻO keʻano

ʻO Hazel, a i ʻole Hazel (Corylus) - he ʻanoʻano o nā lāʻau (liʻiliʻi lāʻau lāʻau) o ka ʻohana Birch.

ʻO ka lau Hazel he ʻalani a laulaha nui paha ka lula. Hāpai ka ʻano o nā lau i ka inoa Lūkia - e like me ke kino o ka iʻa bream. Kulu ʻia nā ʻano ulu ma nā nahele ulu ʻole.

ʻO nā pua nani, monoecious. ʻO ke kāne - hōʻiliʻili ʻia e nā ʻōpala mānoʻa, aia ma nā lālā pōkole, hoʻomohala i ka wā hāʻule, overwinter a pua hoʻi i ka hoʻomaka mua o nā lau. ʻO nā pua wahine i ʻohi ʻia e nā inflorescences ma ke ʻano o nā pua pua a noho ʻelua i loko o nā poli o nā kuala. Ua loaʻa i nā pua wahine kēlā me kēia perianth i ulu maikaʻi ʻia. ʻO ka haʻahaʻa o lalo, ʻelua-membered, me hoʻokahi testicle (ovule) i kēlā me kēia pā.

Ma muli o ka luhi o hoʻokahi testicle, ua huli ke kuʻi i ka pā hoʻokahi me ka pericarp Woody. Hoʻopuni ʻia kēlā me kēia pā i kahi uhi uhi tubular not, ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻia, ka mea i hele mai mai ka bract a me nā ʻano ʻelua (prelists) o ka pua wahine. ʻO nā huaʻai-piha me ka hua mānoanoa a me nā aila, nā mea momona i koe i ka lepo i ka wā o ka hoʻoulu.

Tree filbert, a i ʻole a Wal Walnut (Corylus colurna). © Lottis 80

Hoʻopau nā Hazel i ka lā Malaki. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā inflorescences i mua o ka ulu mua o ka pua. Lawe ʻia ka polu e ka makani. Hoʻopau nā huaʻai i ʻAukake-Kepakemapa, ka liʻiliʻi loa - i ka hopena o Iulai. Loaʻa nā hua hua i ka 40-500 kg / ha. Hoʻololi aku nā makahiki i hōʻiliʻili ʻana me nā hua haʻahaʻa, i kekahi mau makahiki, ʻaʻohe hua like ʻole. Loaʻa i nā kumulāʻau ka lula holomua; Hoʻomaka ka huaila e hoʻohua i ka hua no 5-10 mau makahiki. ʻO 60 ka makahiki holoʻokoʻa o ka ulu lāʻau. Ke kūlohelohe nei, hoʻolaha ʻia ʻo ia ma ke ʻano o nā mea ulu.

Hoʻoulu ia i ka ʻāpana ʻEulopa ma nā ulu lāʻau coniferous-deciduous a ākea, i ka nahele-steppe, ma nā wahi i kālai ʻia a puni nā pali i hoʻopuni ʻia. Ma Caucasus i piʻi ʻo ia ma kahi o 2000 m. kanu ʻia ia i kekahi mau wahi o ka ʻāina. Ma nā ulu lāʻau ulu-ulu, ulu ka mea i loko o ka mānoanoa, akā, ʻaʻole ia e ʻae i ke alo nui. Ua ulu nui ʻo ia i nā mālamalama, hoʻopili ʻia, a me nā palu; Kūʻai maʻamau i loko o nā kakaka paʻakikī. Makemake i ka calcareous, waiwai i nā humus, me ka palupalu a me ke kāla. Ma muli o ka nui o ka lulu o nā lau me ka waiwai o ka paʻakai kalai, e hoʻonui ana i ka launa lepo. I nā anuanu me nā pōkole lōʻihi loa ia e hoʻokala.

Ke noi

Loaʻa ka paila Hazelnut i ka momona 58-71%, 14-18% nā kahu kalai ʻia maikaʻi, 2-5% sucrose, B a me ka huaora E, a me nā paʻakai hao. ʻAi ʻia nā mea hiʻu i nā maka maka, maloʻo a ʻāpala (ʻulaʻula wela), i hana ʻia nā keke, nā ʻuala, nā ʻoniʻoni, a me nā hoʻopiha piha. Hoʻomaʻa pinepine ʻia i nā makika he nui i loko o ka Caucasus. Mai nā huaʻai hou, ʻohi iā lākou me kahi liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o ka wai e hana i ka "waiū" a me ka "cream", mea maikaʻi loa a aʻa ʻia i nā maʻi nāwaliwali. Hoʻokomo ʻia kahi kīʻaha e like me ka wai i loko o ka mauʻu i ʻai ʻia. Hoʻohana ʻia nā nī i ka hana ʻana i nā wai wai. ʻO ka aila mai i nā huaʻai i mea ʻono ʻono a me nā ʻala maikaʻi, he mea maikaʻi loa ia, e hoʻohana ʻia i ka ʻai, me ka paʻi ʻana a me ka varnish a me ka poni, hana maoli. ʻO ka keke i koe ma hope o ka pipi ʻana i ka aila e hoʻohana i ka halva.

Hoʻohana ʻia ka lāʻau no nā kākela liʻiliʻi a huli i nā mea akamai, mai nā ʻāpana a lākou i hana ai i nā mākaʻi no nā lāʻau lāʻau, nā mea hana no nā hana hoʻoulu, ʻo nā kēku; Hoʻokomo ʻia nā hīnaʻi mai nā lālā manawaleʻa, nā pā pōhaku mai nā mea mānoanoa. Ua ʻoki ʻia nā lālā no ka hānai holoholona. Hoʻohana ka Sawdust i ka Caucasus e hoʻomālamalama i nā waina a me nā vīnega. Hoʻohana ʻia ke kōā mai ka lāʻau no ke kiʻi ʻana, ma mua o kona hele ʻana e hana pū ai. Hoʻopilikia ka lāʻau mai ka lāʻau i ka wai lāʻau "Forest", kahi i hoʻohana ʻia no ka eczema a me nā maʻi ʻē aʻe. Aia ka ʻenekaua e pili ana i ka 10% tannins; hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka ʻāʻī a me ka hoʻonaninani i ka ʻili.

ʻO nā ʻano pōpilikia ʻē aʻe ka mea nui o ka hoʻokele waiwai. Ka pālahalaha ʻia o ka hazel i ka variegated ma Transbaikalia, Amur Region a Primorye. He ʻōmole ia ma kahi o nā wahi, akā ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o kāna mau pua ma mua o nā ʻano o mua. Aʻo Manchurian hazel a me ka pōkole pokole pili kokoke iā ia, e noho ana ma ka ʻāina mamao, ke hoʻohana ʻia nei i nā ʻano mea kanu meaʻai, akā he paʻakikī loa ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o kā lākou mau huaʻai ma muli o nā koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi. I loko o Caucasus, ulu kahi filbert lāʻau (bear nut), he lāʻau ia a hiki i ka 35 m ke kiʻekiʻe. Mahalo nui ka lāʻau ikaika nani o kēia ʻano me ka hana hale. Hoʻohana ʻia nā nuʻu e like me ka meaʻai, akā he pūpū paʻakikī lākou.

Ke ulu nei

Haʻalelele ka Hazelnuts, akā me ka haʻalulu ikaika ua hua lākou i nā hua liʻiliʻi, nā lau i ka waihoʻoluʻu. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi e kanu iā lākou ma kahi lā nalo a pale ʻia mai ka makani. ʻAno waiwai, momona, hoʻokahe, hoʻoneʻe, podzolic, waiwai lepo. ʻAʻole lākou makemake i ka wai hohonu, waikawa, pākeke, nāhelehe, lepo kō.

ʻOi aku ka makemake o ka hikina, a i kahakahu, ʻāpana ʻākau o ka mauʻu haʻahaʻa no ka kanu ʻana - i ka hoʻoilo a me ka pūnāwai he mau lulu liʻiliʻi o nā loli i kēlā me kēia lā, kahi e hoʻemi ai i ka pilikia o ka manuahi a me ka puhi ʻana.

Ka maʻi maʻamau (Corylus avellana). © Isidre palui

ʻO nā lāʻau Hazel kahi hoʻoilo-maloʻo, nāwaliwali- a me nā mea photopilous. I ka wā kanu, ʻaʻole manuahi nā pua kāne i ka -3 ... -5 ° C, a me nā pua wahine i ka -8 ° C. I ka hoʻoilo, ʻaʻole hōʻino nā hae i loko o nā catkins i ka -30 ° C.

No ka nui o ka hōʻiliʻili, pono ke kanu ʻia i nā kumulāʻau pōpoki kokoke - i loaʻa iā lākou ka helehelena polikino.

Hoʻokumu ʻia ka lāʻau ma kahi he 6-10 kūloko a hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻole ia. Pono ʻoe e hōʻalo i nā lālā haki wale a me nā wana pono ʻole. Mai ke makahiki he 20, e kū pono nā ʻōpio kahiko i nā ʻōpio'ōpiopio, ʻoki ʻia 2-3 i kēlā me kēia makahiki. Ke hoʻohalahala nei i ka pōpilikia ma ke ʻano o kahi lāʻau, ua koho ʻia kahi ʻōpala a ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā lālā heʻe a 4-5 i ke kiʻekiʻe o 50-60 cm. Hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka aʻa ʻili. Hāʻawi ʻo Varietal hazel i ka 3-4 kg o ka hua mai ka lāʻau.

Hoʻokomo ʻia nā hua kanu Hazel i ka pūnāwai a i ʻole lūlū, ma kahi mamao o 3-4 m mai kēlā me kēia. Ma mua o ke kanu ʻana, ua ʻoki ʻia nā aʻa i wāwahi ʻia a kāpī ʻia i loko o ka pala lepo lepo. Pono ka ʻili o ke aʻa ma 3-4 cm ma luna o ka pae ʻāina.

Maikaʻi ʻia e hoʻohui i ka lepo mai lalo o nā kumu loea kahiko i ka lua kanu, no ka mea, ma laila aia ka microflora pono no ka mea kanu. Ma hope o ke kanu ʻana, e hoʻoheheʻe i ka palulu a hoʻomoʻa ʻia me ka manure a peat.

No ka ola maikaʻi i ka pūnāwai, ua ʻoki ʻia nā lālā i ke kiʻekiʻe o 10-15 cm mai ka lepo, e waiho ana i ka 3-5 mau pua.

Leʻaleʻa

Hoʻomaka ʻia ʻo Hazel e nā huaʻa, kahakaha, hoʻokaʻawale i ka lāʻau, laʻa, ʻoki hua.

ʻO ke ala maʻalahi loa ma kahi māla e hoʻokaʻawale i ka nahele. Me kahi kīʻaha nunui, ua kāwili pū ʻia nā ʻōpio 1-2 ʻōpio me kahi ʻōnaehana a me kahi ʻōpala nui. Ke hoʻololi nei, hana ʻia nā incisions ma ke kiʻekiʻe o 10-15 cm mai ka lepo ka mea e ʻike ai i ka ʻike ʻana i kahi pana hou a hoʻokō pono i ka hana hou ʻana o ka ulu lāʻau. ʻO nā ʻāpana o ka mea kanu me nā aʻa e ʻoi aku ma mua o 15 cm ua aʻai maikaʻi.

Ke koi ʻia ka nui o nā hua liʻiliʻi, a hāʻawi nā mea kanu i nā hua kanu liʻiliʻi, kahi e hoʻoneʻe ʻia ana nā palahalaha a me nā kime. I ka pūnāwai, e hū ʻia nā ʻōpala a kau ʻia i loko o nā puʻupuʻu me kahi hohonu o 10-15 cm, kua ʻili ʻia a uhi ʻia me ka honua. ʻO nā luna o kēia mau lālā (ma kahi o 10 cm loa ka lōʻihi) e hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻia ma luna o ka ʻāina a hoʻopaʻa ʻia i nā pā. Ma hope o 1-2 mau makahiki, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻoki ʻoki a hoʻoneʻe ʻia i kahi kūmau.

Me ka hoʻomōhulu hua, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā hōʻailona o ka mea kanu makuahine a mālama ʻole ʻia nā ʻano. Hoʻomaha ʻia ka manawa hua hua. No ka kanuʻana, koho i nā hua momona i hāʻule mai ka ulu lāʻau. Kūkulu ʻia lākou i ka wā o ka lūlū i ka hohonu o 7-8 cm, a i ʻole i ka pūnāwai i kahi hohonu o 5-6 cm.Mi me ka hoʻomōhū hua, nā hazelnuts a me nā lāʻau hazel e komo ai i ka wā kanu wale no 5-8 mau makahiki. Ke ulu lāʻau no ka 3-4 mau makahiki.

Hiki ke hoʻomoʻi ʻia nā hazelnuts a me nā pōloli e ka inoculation me ka ʻāʻī a ʻokiʻoki paha i ka pūlela hihiu a halihali. ʻO ka ʻōlelo maikaʻi loa no ka hōʻiliʻili o ka maʻi ma ka papa waena i ka hopena o Iulai - i ke kakahiaka mua o ʻAkake, i ka wā hoʻokaʻawale loa ʻia ka pala maʻa mai ka lāʻau. ʻO nā keiki liʻiliʻi (nā maka) no ka pale ʻana mai nā hapa lignified o nā pua o kēia makahiki. Ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe a ʻokiʻoki i ka maka mai ka pana ʻana o ka hua graft, hoʻomaʻemaʻe ke ʻano lāʻau i ka pubescence. Hana ʻia ke kōnō me nā ʻokiʻoki ma kēia mau ala: ʻo ka ʻīwī, ka mākaʻikaʻi, ma luna o ka ʻili. Hoʻokiʻoki ʻia ʻia nā ʻokiʻoki i ka hāʻule, ʻoiai hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻoki iā lākou i ka pūnāwai ma mua o ke wehe ʻana o nā pua i mua o ka paʻi ʻana.

Nā ʻōpiopio

Ka maʻi maʻamau (Corylus avellana).

He pua ia a hiki i ka 5 m ke kiʻekiʻe, me kahi hiʻi hina, nā ʻōpio pubescent, aneane like ʻole nā lau a hiki i 12 cm ākea a 9 cm ākea. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā pepeiao elela i loko o ka hāʻule, a me ko lākou ulu a me ka lepo, ka mea e ʻike ʻia ma mua o ka puka ʻana o nā lau, hōʻailona i ka hoʻomaka o ka pūnāwai. Hoʻopili pinepine ʻia nā hua i ka lā 2-5 a uhi ʻia me kahi kukui ʻōmaʻomaʻo, nā ʻōpala lau lau e piha nei i nā lau ʻelua lau. Ke ʻai ʻana - i ka malama ʻo Kepakemapa - hāʻule nā nati a hāʻule i waho o ka pale. ʻO ka hua ʻōpala he aneane spherical, a hiki i 1.5 cm ke anawaena, ʻōmaʻomaʻo kukui. Aia ka Hazel ma ka helehelena a ma ka moʻomeheu a puni ka ʻaoʻao ʻEulopa a me ka Caucasus i lalo o ka lāʻau o nā kahe i hoʻomoʻo nui, ʻoi loa ke kai.

Aia nō ia i nā lepo i loaʻa ka lime, me ka hoʻomehana maikaʻi. E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia, ʻona a me ka momona nā nati, loaʻa iā lākou a hiki i ka 65% momona, 16% protein, 3,5% gula, mau huaora. Hana lākou i nā halva, nā momona, ke kō, ka pata, e like me ka almond a hoʻohana ʻia no ka ʻai a no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā varnish a me nā pā. ʻO ke keʻokeʻo me kahi kukui keʻokeʻo māmā, paʻakikī ka lāʻau kaumaha a paʻakikī no ka hazel e hoʻopuka, e hoʻopuka ana i nā huahana kūlohelohe - nā mea pono, nā hāmeʻa. ʻOiai ka ulu ʻana o ka hazel ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, he nui ka mea kanu ʻana ma ka hema, kahi e ʻokiʻoki ʻia ai. He mea maʻamau kahi lau me ka lau poni-ʻulaʻula.

Tree filbert (Corylus colurna).

ʻO ka lāʻau hazel e ulu wale ana ma Caucasus a me Asia Minor, i nā ululā deciduous, hiki ke kiʻekiʻe i ka 20 m ma ke ʻano, me nā kaʻi pololei, ka hiʻu hina me nā pā hiʻona hohonu, nā pā pulu. Hoʻokomo ʻia paha nā lau a ʻōpena paha a lahilahi, a hiki i 12 cm lōʻihi. ʻO nā pua kāne i nā pepeiao, aneane nā pua wahine, ʻike ʻole ʻia mai nā ʻōpua wehe.

Nā huaʻai i loko o ka pale velvety - kahi papala, nā kihi i ʻoki ʻia i loko o nā kaiki liʻiliʻi. Walnut me kahi pūpū paʻakikī. Hoʻopau ia i ka lā o ʻApelila, huila nā hua i Kepakemapa. I ka moʻomeheu, ma muli o kona wela o ke aloha, ka aneane ʻaʻole e hele i kahi o nā palena o kona ʻano kūlohelohe, akā aia nō ia ma nā mokuʻo Baltic.

ʻO Hazelnuts (Corylus heterophylla).

Hiki i Shrub a i 3 m ke kiʻekiʻe, ulu aʻe ma Eastern Siberia, kahi mamao, China, Korea, Iapana i loko o ka ulu lāʻau coniferous-deciduous ma nā kihi, nā hoʻomaʻamaʻa. Loha ka ʻokoʻa i ka hazel maʻamau maʻamau me nā lau apuncated a i ʻole nā lau bilobate paha. ʻO nā pua kāne i nā apo pepeiao, nā pua wahine i aneane ʻike ʻole, ʻulaʻula, i nā ʻōpū. Hoʻopau ia i ka lā o ʻApelila, huila nā hua i ʻAukake - Kepakemapa. Hoʻopili piha nā hua hua me ka lau o ka lau, 2-3 ʻohi ʻia i nā kihi o nā lālā.

Nā huaʻai i 9 mau makahiki. Hiki ke ulu ka moʻomeheu i ka waena waena a hiki i St. Petersburg ma ka ʻākau. Hoʻomoe ʻia e ka lūlū hua i ka pūnāwai ma hope o ka stratification a i ʻole i ka hoʻoilo. Ua hōʻike pinepine ʻia i ka moʻomeheu a puni 1880